{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225399406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044","title":"Preliminary Comparative Characterization of Low-Rank Lignite Powders Based on Physicochemical Properties and Particle Size","display_name":"Preliminary Comparative Characterization of Low-Rank Lignite Powders Based on Physicochemical Properties and Particle Size","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225399406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/powders5040044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191603","display_name":"Powders","issn_l":"2674-0516","issn":["2674-0516"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Powders","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004160385","display_name":"Nevena Milcheva Mileva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5247-9095","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5247-9095"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147527907","display_name":"Technical University of Varna","ror":"https://ror.org/03zrwm897","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nevena M. Mileva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thermal Engineering, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5247-9095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thermal Engineering, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024286879","display_name":"Penka Zlateva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-4208","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-4208"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147527907","display_name":"Technical University of Varna","ror":"https://ror.org/03zrwm897","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Penka Zlateva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thermal Engineering, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-4208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thermal Engineering, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029862834","display_name":"Angel Terziev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1666-2781","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1666-2781"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31151848","display_name":"Technical University of Sofia","ror":"https://ror.org/052prhs50","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Angel Terziev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Power Engineering and Power Machines, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1666-2781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Power Engineering and Power Machines, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012611127","display_name":"Krastin Yordanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6714-6480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6714-6480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147527907","display_name":"Technical University of Varna","ror":"https://ror.org/03zrwm897","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krastin Yordanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thermal Engineering, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6714-6480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thermal Engineering, Technical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115856458","display_name":"Adriana Comarla","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088362","display_name":"Constantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i University of Targu Jiu","ror":"https://ror.org/0058xhs49","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088362","https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriana Comarl\u0103","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, \u201cConstantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i\u201d University of T\u00e2rgu Jiu, 210185 T\u00e2rgu Jiu, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, \u201cConstantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i\u201d University of T\u00e2rgu Jiu, 210185 T\u00e2rgu Jiu, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161130419","display_name":"Francisc Comarl\u0103","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088362","display_name":"Constantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i University of Targu Jiu","ror":"https://ror.org/0058xhs49","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088362","https://openalex.org/I97553796"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisc Comarl\u0103","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, \u201cConstantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i\u201d University of T\u00e2rgu Jiu, 210185 T\u00e2rgu Jiu, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, \u201cConstantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i\u201d University of T\u00e2rgu Jiu, 210185 T\u00e2rgu Jiu, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004160385","https://openalex.org/A5029862834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147527907","https://openalex.org/I31151848"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"44","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11284","display_name":"Coal Properties and Utilization","score":0.35519999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11284","display_name":"Coal Properties and Utilization","score":0.35519999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13094","display_name":"Mining and Gasification Technologies","score":0.26440000534057617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14428","display_name":"Coal and Coke Industries Research","score":0.22519999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-production","display_name":"hydrogen production","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steam-gasification","display_name":"steam gasification","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture-content","display_name":"moisture content","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ash-content","display_name":"ash content","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elemental-analysis","display_name":"elemental analysis","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calorific-value","display_name":"calorific value","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size","display_name":"particle size","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sieve-analysis","display_name":"sieve analysis","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17732976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7511782","display_name":"Sieve (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.6948000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187530423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503","display_name":"Particle size","level":2,"score":0.670799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512968161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556","display_name":"Hydrogen","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156383657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902126","display_name":"Heat of combustion","level":3,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60448018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2054937","display_name":"Particle-size distribution","level":3,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97947650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901870","display_name":"Sieve analysis","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778576202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540164","display_name":"Sample preparation","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982719155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25584060","display_name":"Energy source","level":3,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156380964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18556","display_name":"Bioenergy","level":3,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202189072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929999","display_name":"Hydrogen production","level":3,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116628846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899138","display_name":"Mass fraction","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149849071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1263816","display_name":"Chemical composition","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/powders5040044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191603","display_name":"Powders","issn_l":"2674-0516","issn":["2674-0516"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Powders","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/powders5040044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/powders5040044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191603","display_name":"Powders","issn_l":"2674-0516","issn":["2674-0516"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Powders","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8485000133514404}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013330687","https://openalex.org/W3023830888","https://openalex.org/W3083819626","https://openalex.org/W3134714657","https://openalex.org/W3196103402","https://openalex.org/W3199226503","https://openalex.org/W3204682843","https://openalex.org/W4206268482","https://openalex.org/W4293257252","https://openalex.org/W4296107419","https://openalex.org/W4311723562","https://openalex.org/W4313319213","https://openalex.org/W4378907771","https://openalex.org/W4380082466","https://openalex.org/W4381664048","https://openalex.org/W4408944929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080178398","https://openalex.org/W1555094597","https://openalex.org/W2045864971","https://openalex.org/W3046077229","https://openalex.org/W4231690053","https://openalex.org/W2284088692","https://openalex.org/W1544326827","https://openalex.org/W2762597570","https://openalex.org/W2010887522","https://openalex.org/W2005067990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-rank":[0],"lignites":[1,70,175],"remain":[2],"potential":[3],"feedstocks":[4],"for":[5,173,176],"hydrogen":[6,98,189],"production":[7],"through":[8],"steam":[9],"gasification,":[10],"although":[11],"their":[12],"high":[13],"moisture":[14,37,75,144],"and":[15,21,38,43,55,76,97,112,150,180],"ash":[16,39,106],"contents":[17],"impose":[18],"considerable":[19],"energy":[20],"operational":[22],"constraints.":[23],"This":[24,167],"study":[25],"compared":[26],"three":[27],"lignite":[28],"samples":[29,49],"from":[30,50],"different":[31],"mining":[32],"sources":[33],"using":[34],"ultimate":[35],"analysis,":[36],"determination,":[40],"bomb":[41],"calorimetry,":[42],"particle":[44],"size":[45],"analysis.":[46],"Three":[47],"monthly":[48],"each":[51],"source":[52],"were":[53],"analysed,":[54],"the":[56,83,90,104,113,132,142],"results":[57],"are":[58],"expressed":[59],"as":[60,185],"mean":[61],"\u00b1":[62,94,100,109,119,147],"standard":[63],"deviation":[64],"on":[65,131],"an":[66],"as-received":[67],"basis.":[68],"All":[69],"contained":[71],"approximately":[72],"42":[73],"wt.%":[74,78],"20\u201323":[77],"ash.":[79],"Sample":[80,137,139,159,162,165],"2":[81,160],"exhibited":[82],"most":[84],"favourable":[85],"combination":[86],"of":[87,188],"properties,":[88],"with":[89],"highest":[91,114],"carbon":[92],"(22.07":[93],"0.49":[95],"wt.%)":[96,102,149],"(2.47":[99],"0.03":[101],"contents,":[103],"lowest":[105,143],"content":[107,145],"(20.05":[108],"0.98":[110],"wt.%),":[111],"measured":[115],"heating":[116],"value":[117],"(8.01":[118],"0.16":[120],"MJ":[121],"kg\u22121).":[122],"It":[123],"also":[124],"had":[125],"a":[126,170],"lower":[127],"reported":[128],"fraction":[129],"retained":[130],"0.20":[133],"mm":[134],"sieve":[135],"than":[136],"1.":[138,166],"3":[140,163],"showed":[141],"(41.77":[146],"0.25":[148],"intermediate":[151],"overall":[152],"characteristics.":[153],"The":[154],"resulting":[155],"suitability":[156],"ranking":[157,168],"was":[158],">":[161,164],"provides":[169],"preliminary":[171],"basis":[172],"selecting":[174],"subsequent":[177],"gasification":[178],"experiments":[179],"should":[181],"not":[182],"be":[183],"interpreted":[184],"direct":[186],"evidence":[187],"yield":[190],"or":[191],"process":[192],"efficiency.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
