{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225399001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","title":"Thermal surrogate modelling for the monitoring of actively cooled first wall components in ITER","display_name":"Thermal surrogate modelling for the monitoring of actively cooled first wall components in ITER","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225399001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596760093","display_name":"Frontiers in Physics","issn_l":"2296-424X","issn":["2296-424X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050124043","display_name":"Nathaniel Saura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9704-7619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9704-7619"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106530797","display_name":"ITER","ror":"https://ror.org/01d7n9638","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106530797","https://openalex.org/I39804081"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel Saura","raw_affiliation_strings":["ITER Organization"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ITER Organization","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106530797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161099185","display_name":"Joao Nunes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106530797","display_name":"ITER","ror":"https://ror.org/01d7n9638","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106530797","https://openalex.org/I39804081"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao Nunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["ITER Organization"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ITER Organization","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106530797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035487446","display_name":"Joris Paret","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1300-1227","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1300-1227"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106530797","display_name":"ITER","ror":"https://ror.org/01d7n9638","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106530797","https://openalex.org/I39804081"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joris Paret","raw_affiliation_strings":["ITER Organization"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ITER Organization","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106530797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102005411","display_name":"D. Iglesias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-604X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-604X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106530797","display_name":"ITER","ror":"https://ror.org/01d7n9638","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106530797","https://openalex.org/I39804081"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Iglesias","raw_affiliation_strings":["ITER Organization"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ITER Organization","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106530797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050124043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106530797"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3077},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3077},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10592","display_name":"Fusion materials and technologies","score":0.8628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10592","display_name":"Fusion materials and technologies","score":0.8628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.0714000016450882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12560","display_name":"Nuclear Engineering Thermal-Hydraulics","score":0.009399999864399433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2104","display_name":"Nuclear Energy and Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iter","display_name":"ITER","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-facing-components","display_name":"plasma-facing components","score":0.7519999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.7020999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.6965000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15908118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2997395","display_name":"Radiative cooling","level":2,"score":0.5570999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91914117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056832","display_name":"Coolant","level":2,"score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131675550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646884","display_name":"Surrogate model","level":2,"score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116515362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188589","display_name":"Tokamak","level":3,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156820238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422876","display_name":"Active cooling","level":3,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7694927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7667810","display_name":"Water cooling","level":2,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89394759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192593","display_name":"Thermal radiation","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171836373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2266329","display_name":"Linear interpolation","level":3,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777087718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17155651","display_name":"Radiant cooling","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40382383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2399824","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119947313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5596635","display_name":"Jet (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596760093","display_name":"Frontiers in Physics","issn_l":"2296-424X","issn":["2296-424X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb7abcfedd9c4f56ba91f0f45c1d96e0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb7abcfedd9c4f56ba91f0f45c1d96e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Physics, Vol 14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1947382/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596760093","display_name":"Frontiers in Physics","issn_l":"2296-424X","issn":["2296-424X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5690000057220459,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225399001.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225399001.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W936279207","https://openalex.org/W992635401","https://openalex.org/W1992628568","https://openalex.org/W2009206351","https://openalex.org/W2072535043","https://openalex.org/W2078179989","https://openalex.org/W2619671714","https://openalex.org/W2793252501","https://openalex.org/W2983541027","https://openalex.org/W3109465519","https://openalex.org/W4230684562","https://openalex.org/W4315606651","https://openalex.org/W4367044971","https://openalex.org/W4392529903","https://openalex.org/W4413951670","https://openalex.org/W4415889866","https://openalex.org/W4416796516"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367044971","https://openalex.org/W936279207","https://openalex.org/W7219339514","https://openalex.org/W1978144314","https://openalex.org/W2919334349","https://openalex.org/W4403600346","https://openalex.org/W2079446857","https://openalex.org/W2160678254","https://openalex.org/W2053330405","https://openalex.org/W1494512398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"ITER":[1,100,223],"operation,":[2],"Diagnostic":[3],"First":[4],"Walls":[5],"(DFWs)":[6],"will":[7],"be":[8],"exposed":[9],"to":[10,32,41,115,187],"intense":[11],"radiative":[12],"and":[13,84,122,157],"nuclear":[14],"heat":[15],"loads,":[16],"making":[17],"active":[18],"cooling":[19,64,85,155],"mandatory.":[20],"This":[21,207],"work":[22],"presents":[23],"the":[24,33,50,60,63,72,99,111,117,132,168,199,211,215],"adaptation":[25],"of":[26,36,62,183,214,222],"a":[27,123,205],"mesoscale":[28],"Porous-Media":[29],"Approach":[30],"(PMA)":[31],"thermal":[34,45],"modelling":[35],"actively":[37,224],"cooled":[38,225],"DFWs,":[39],"aiming":[40],"support":[42],"their":[43],"quasi-real-time":[44,219],"monitoring.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"approach,":[49],"DFW":[51],"is":[52,92,108,148],"represented":[53],"as":[54],"an":[55,95],"equivalent":[56],"homogeneous":[57],"medium,":[58],"while":[59,137,198],"effects":[61],"network":[65],"are":[66,79],"incorporated":[67],"through":[68],"closure":[69],"terms":[70,78],"in":[71,110,195],"volume-averaged":[73],"enthalpy":[74],"transport":[75],"equation.":[76],"These":[77],"derived":[80],"from":[81,177],"coolant":[82],"properties":[83],"layout":[86],"geometry.":[87],"The":[88,105,146,190],"resulting":[89],"surrogate":[90,169],"model":[91,170],"integrated":[93],"into":[94],"end-to-end":[96],"framework":[97],"within":[98,179],"Tokamak":[101],"System":[102],"Monitor":[103],"(TSM).":[104],"PMA":[106],"formulation":[107],"implemented":[109],"FEM-meshfree":[112],"MkniX":[113],"solver":[114],"compute":[116],"slice-wise":[118],"steady-state":[119,192],"temperature":[120,135,220],"solutions":[121,193],"signed":[124],"distance":[125],"function-based":[126],"2D-to-3D":[127],"linear":[128],"interpolation":[129,201],"strategy":[130],"reconstructs":[131],"full":[133],"3D":[134,200],"field":[136],"capturing":[138],"smooth":[139],"geometrical":[140],"transitions":[141],"between":[142],"adjacent":[143],"reference":[144],"planes.":[145],"method":[147],"demonstrated":[149],"on":[150,160],"plasma-facing":[151,172],"components":[152],"with":[153],"complex":[154],"networks":[156],"evaluated":[158],"quantitatively":[159],"one":[161],"Equatorial":[162],"Port":[163],"Plug":[164],"12":[165],"DFW,":[166],"where":[167],"reproduces":[171],"surface":[173],"hot":[174],"spots,":[175],"far":[176],"apertures,":[178],"maximum":[180],"relative":[181],"errors":[182],"about":[184],"7%":[185],"compared":[186],"CFX":[188],"results.":[189],"2D":[191],"converge":[194],"O(10":[196],"s)":[197],"takes":[202],"less":[203],"than":[204],"second.":[206],"seminal":[208],"study":[209],"supports":[210],"potential":[212],"use":[213],"MkniX-PMA":[216],"approach":[217],"for":[218],"monitoring":[221],"first":[226],"wall":[227],"components.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}