{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225397198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981","title":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Tea Quality Evaluation: A State-of-the-Art Review","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Tea Quality Evaluation: A State-of-the-Art Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225397198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/foods15213981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737939966","display_name":"Foods","issn_l":"2304-8158","issn":["2304-8158"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125583405","display_name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152816","display_name":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05hwakx34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440163","display_name":"Jie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1057-8722","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1057-8722"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152816","display_name":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05hwakx34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1057-8722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060944470","display_name":"Hongyu LUO","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-6020","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2988-6020"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152816","display_name":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05hwakx34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039629510","display_name":"Rui Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-5584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-5584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152816","display_name":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05hwakx34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-5584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109533304","display_name":"Juan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-4381","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-4381"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152816","display_name":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05hwakx34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-4381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161015821","display_name":"Riqi Duan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152816","display_name":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05hwakx34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riqi Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100906608","display_name":"Yingfu Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9148-4607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9148-4607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152816","display_name":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05hwakx34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingfu Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9148-4607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100906608"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152816"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"21","first_page":"3981","last_page":"3981"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tea-quality-evaluation","display_name":"tea quality evaluation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tea-grading","display_name":"tea grading","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"computer vision","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-nose","display_name":"electronic nose","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-tongue","display_name":"electronic tongue","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"hyperspectral imaging","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-sensor-fusion","display_name":"multimodal sensor fusion","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fermentation-monitoring","display_name":"fermentation monitoring","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographical-origin-tracing","display_name":"geographical origin tracing","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catechins","display_name":"catechins","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-tea","display_name":"black tea","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-destructive-quality-assessment","display_name":"non-destructive quality assessment","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-neural-networks","display_name":"lightweight neural networks","score":0.6600000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162244969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3217351","display_name":"Electronic tongue","level":3,"score":0.6281999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5992000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020001037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assessment","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992231244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203415","display_name":"Black tea","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/foods15213981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737939966","display_name":"Foods","issn_l":"2304-8158","issn":["2304-8158"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foods","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/foods15213981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15213981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737939966","display_name":"Foods","issn_l":"2304-8158","issn":["2304-8158"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2189603281","https://openalex.org/W2950921816","https://openalex.org/W3008074694","https://openalex.org/W3049439739","https://openalex.org/W3190511321","https://openalex.org/W3211694926","https://openalex.org/W3215314114","https://openalex.org/W4200467626","https://openalex.org/W4205292585","https://openalex.org/W4220710821","https://openalex.org/W4280538526","https://openalex.org/W4294152247","https://openalex.org/W4296168432","https://openalex.org/W4297235534","https://openalex.org/W4306160233","https://openalex.org/W4313641266","https://openalex.org/W4318473565","https://openalex.org/W4362590693","https://openalex.org/W4366549991","https://openalex.org/W4380685953","https://openalex.org/W4385878770","https://openalex.org/W4385984525","https://openalex.org/W4386223216","https://openalex.org/W4388628829","https://openalex.org/W4391170255","https://openalex.org/W4393024955","https://openalex.org/W4393201001","https://openalex.org/W4396518765","https://openalex.org/W4399654988","https://openalex.org/W4400426404","https://openalex.org/W4402461465","https://openalex.org/W4402708867","https://openalex.org/W4404122807","https://openalex.org/W4404912936","https://openalex.org/W4405202646","https://openalex.org/W4405257553","https://openalex.org/W4405420128","https://openalex.org/W4405641665","https://openalex.org/W4405695603","https://openalex.org/W4406156814","https://openalex.org/W4407181123","https://openalex.org/W4408401460","https://openalex.org/W4410004654","https://openalex.org/W4410236096","https://openalex.org/W4410352235","https://openalex.org/W4410698661","https://openalex.org/W4410698956","https://openalex.org/W4411923427","https://openalex.org/W4412020901","https://openalex.org/W4413359622","https://openalex.org/W4414135860","https://openalex.org/W4414148476","https://openalex.org/W4414154050","https://openalex.org/W4414516328","https://openalex.org/W4414624592","https://openalex.org/W4414862208","https://openalex.org/W4415625754","https://openalex.org/W4416088783","https://openalex.org/W4416864082","https://openalex.org/W7118176778","https://openalex.org/W7124950969","https://openalex.org/W7127354309","https://openalex.org/W7127913568","https://openalex.org/W7128368232","https://openalex.org/W7130649579","https://openalex.org/W7135068390","https://openalex.org/W7141761538","https://openalex.org/W7143844290","https://openalex.org/W7153040187","https://openalex.org/W7160341780","https://openalex.org/W7161761054","https://openalex.org/W7161811568","https://openalex.org/W7164810288","https://openalex.org/W7165119846","https://openalex.org/W7166522024","https://openalex.org/W7172401064","https://openalex.org/W7203646101","https://openalex.org/W7203674396","https://openalex.org/W7203838363"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413359622","https://openalex.org/W7161811568","https://openalex.org/W7141761538","https://openalex.org/W7222606028","https://openalex.org/W4389778511","https://openalex.org/W7204142774","https://openalex.org/W7134956094","https://openalex.org/W7045587991","https://openalex.org/W4408401460","https://openalex.org/W4391170255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"tea":[1,75],"quality":[2,39],"evaluation":[3],"relies":[4],"largely":[5],"on":[6],"subjective":[7],"human":[8],"sensory":[9],"assessment":[10],"and":[11,22,60,68,81,136,150],"destructive":[12],"chemical":[13,90],"laboratory":[14],"assays,":[15],"suffering":[16],"from":[17],"poor":[18,133],"objectivity,":[19],"low":[20,128],"throughput":[21],"limited":[23],"scalability.":[24],"In":[25,102],"the":[26],"past":[27],"five":[28],"years,":[29],"artificial":[30],"intelligence-driven":[31],"deep":[32],"learning":[33],"has":[34],"enabled":[35],"rapid,":[36],"non-destructive,":[37],"data-oriented":[38],"inspection":[40],"for":[41,96],"various":[42],"teas.":[43],"This":[44],"review":[45],"summarizes":[46],"representative":[47],"advances":[48],"covering":[49],"computer":[50],"vision,":[51],"electronic":[52,58],"nose,":[53],"near-infrared":[54],"spectroscopy,":[55],"hyperspectral":[56],"imaging,":[57],"tongue":[59],"multi-sensor":[61,152],"multimodal":[62,106,146],"fusion.":[63],"CNNs,":[64],"YOLO-series":[65],"detectors,":[66],"Transformer":[67],"CLIP":[69],"achieve":[70],"85\u201399%":[71],"classification":[72],"accuracy":[73],"in":[74,99],"grading,":[76],"aroma":[77],"analysis,":[78],"fermentation":[79],"monitoring":[80],"geographical":[82],"tracing,":[83],"alongside":[84],"accurate":[85],"quantitative":[86],"prediction":[87],"of":[88],"individual":[89],"constituents":[91],"(e.g.,":[92],"R2":[93],"=":[94],"0.92\u20130.97":[95],"four":[97],"catechins":[98],"black":[100],"tea).":[101],"most":[103],"reviewed":[104],"studies,":[105],"frameworks":[107],"achieved":[108],"higher":[109],"performance":[110],"than":[111],"single-sensor":[112],"systems":[113],"by":[114,124],"exploiting":[115],"complementary":[116],"sensing":[117],"information.":[118],"However,":[119],"industrial":[120],"deployment":[121],"is":[122],"hindered":[123],"small":[125],"non-standard":[126],"datasets,":[127,144],"model":[129],"interpretability,":[130],"sensor":[131],"drift,":[132],"cross-domain":[134],"transferability":[135],"high":[137],"costs.":[138],"Future":[139],"directions":[140],"include":[141],"standardized":[142],"benchmark":[143],"explainable":[145],"models,":[147],"lightweight":[148],"networks":[149],"compatible":[151],"hardware":[153],"platforms.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}