{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225397153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21275/sr261104133836","title":"A Comprehensive Review on Contemporary Challenges and Emerging Solutions in Deep Learning and Machine Learning: Limitations, Trends, and Future Directions","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review on Contemporary Challenges and Emerging Solutions in Deep Learning and Machine Learning: Limitations, Trends, and Future Directions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225397153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21275/sr261104133836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21275/sr261104133836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21275/sr261104133836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21275/sr261104133836","pdf_url":"https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v15i11/SR261104133836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240710","display_name":"International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)","issn_l":"2319-7064","issn":["2319-7064"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v15i11/SR261104133836.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046697460","display_name":"S Mohanarangan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093364","display_name":"Arunai Engineering College","ror":"https://ror.org/00m5dhe11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093364"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Mohanarangan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, CSE (Cyber Security) , Arunai Engineering College , Tiruvannamalai , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, CSE (Cyber Security) , Arunai Engineering College , Tiruvannamalai , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161079828","display_name":"G Shoba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093364","display_name":"Arunai Engineering College","ror":"https://ror.org/00m5dhe11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093364"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Shoba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor , CSE (AIML) , Arunai Engineering College , Tiruvannamalai , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor , CSE (AIML) , Arunai Engineering College , Tiruvannamalai , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161118102","display_name":"D Karthika","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093364","display_name":"Arunai Engineering College","ror":"https://ror.org/00m5dhe11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093364"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Karthika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, AI&DS , Assistant Professor , BCA , Arunai Engineering College , Tiruvannamalai , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, AI&DS , Assistant Professor , BCA , Arunai Engineering College , Tiruvannamalai , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160992491","display_name":"M Hemamalini","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Hemamalini","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCA , Kamban College of Arts and Science for Women , Tiruvannamalai , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCA , Kamban College of Arts and Science for Women , Tiruvannamalai , India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"162","last_page":"167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.41530001163482666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.41530001163482666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.1906999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.10239999741315842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-limitations","display_name":"machine learning limitations","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataset-bias","display_name":"data bias","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-scarcity","display_name":"data scarcity","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-quality","display_name":"data quality","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy","display_name":"privacy","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box-model-interpretability","display_name":"black-box interpretability","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-distribution-generalization","display_name":"out-of-distribution generalization","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-attacks","display_name":"adversarial attacks","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucination-mitigation","display_name":"hallucination mitigation","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"energy consumption","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-impact-of-ai","display_name":"environmental impact of AI","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-ethics-and-regulation","display_name":"AI ethics and regulation","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-transformer","display_name":"vision transformer","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-quantization","display_name":"model quantization","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"pruning","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lora","display_name":"LoRa","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data-generation","display_name":"synthetic data generation","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"federated learning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lime","display_name":"lime","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-augmented-generation","display_name":"retrieval-augmented generation","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthy-ai","display_name":"trustworthy AI","score":0.8199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.5927000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5246000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.28200000524520874}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21275/sr261104133836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21275/sr261104133836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21275/sr261104133836","pdf_url":"https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v15i11/SR261104133836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240710","display_name":"International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)","issn_l":"2319-7064","issn":["2319-7064"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21275/sr261104133836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21275/sr261104133836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21275/sr261104133836","pdf_url":"https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v15i11/SR261104133836.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240710","display_name":"International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)","issn_l":"2319-7064","issn":["2319-7064"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225397153.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225397153.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W4389326242","https://openalex.org/W4400524829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415780731","https://openalex.org/W4399498768","https://openalex.org/W7163193679","https://openalex.org/W7213289242","https://openalex.org/W7125516305","https://openalex.org/W4399341737","https://openalex.org/W4413393371","https://openalex.org/W7077148325","https://openalex.org/W4412445052","https://openalex.org/W4403647694"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Learning":[1,4],"and":[2,17,27,44,58,70,84,98,105,110,125,136,165,175,178,187,195,197,209,218],"Machine":[3],"have":[5,32],"emerged":[6],"as":[7,79,157],"transformative":[8],"technologies":[9],"driving":[10],"innovation":[11],"across":[12],"healthcare,":[13],"finance,":[14],"autonomous":[15],"systems,":[16],"generative":[18,113],"intelligence.":[19],"Despite":[20],"their":[21,41],"remarkable":[22],"success,":[23],"the":[24,62,90,118,147],"rapid":[25],"scaling":[26],"deployment":[28],"of":[29,36,55,96,150],"these":[30],"models":[31],"exposed":[33],"a":[34,52],"series":[35],"critical":[37],"challenges":[38,73],"that":[39],"limit":[40],"reliability,":[42],"efficiency,":[43],"real-world":[45],"applicability.":[46],"This":[47],"comprehensive":[48],"review":[49,142],"paper":[50,202],"presents":[51],"systematic":[53],"analysis":[54],"contemporary":[56],"problems":[57],"prospective":[59],"solutions":[60,145],"in":[61,112],"field,":[63],"based":[64],"on":[65],"literature":[66],"published":[67],"between":[68],"2022":[69],"2026.":[71],"Major":[72],"identified":[74],"include":[75,153],"data-related":[76],"issues":[77],"such":[78,156],"bias,":[80],"scarcity,":[81],"poor":[82,100],"quality,":[83],"privacy":[85],"concerns;":[86],"model-centric":[87],"limitations":[88],"including":[89,181],"black-box":[91],"nature":[92],"leading":[93],"to":[94,102,107],"lack":[95],"interpretability":[97],"explainability,":[99],"generalization":[101],"out-of-distribution":[103],"data,":[104],"vulnerability":[106],"adversarial":[108],"attacks":[109],"hallucinations":[111],"models.":[114],"Furthermore,":[115],"we":[116],"highlight":[117],"escalating":[119],"computational":[120],"costs,":[121],"high":[122],"energy":[123],"consumption,":[124],"environmental":[126],"impact":[127],"associated":[128],"with":[129],"training":[130],"large-scale":[131],"models,":[132,161],"alongside":[133],"growing":[134],"ethical":[135],"regulatory":[137],"concerns.":[138],"In":[139],"response,":[140],"this":[141],"examines":[143],"emerging":[144],"shaping":[146],"next":[148],"generation":[149,174],"AI.":[151],"These":[152],"efficient":[154],"architectures":[155],"Vision":[158],"Transformers,":[159],"Mamba":[160],"model":[162],"quantization,":[163],"pruning,":[164],"Parameter-Efficient":[166],"Fine-Tuning":[167],"(LoRA),":[168],"data-centric":[169],"approaches":[170],"like":[171],"synthetic":[172],"data":[173],"federated":[176],"learning,":[177],"trust-centric":[179],"methods":[180],"Explainable":[182],"AI":[183,199,220],"(XAI)":[184],"using":[185],"SHAP":[186],"LIME,":[188],"Retrieval-Augmented":[189],"Generation":[190],"(RAG)":[191],"for":[192],"hallucination":[193],"mitigation,":[194],"robust":[196],"trustworthy":[198],"frameworks.":[200],"The":[201],"concludes":[203],"by":[204],"outlining":[205],"key":[206],"research":[207],"gaps":[208],"future":[210],"directions":[211],"towards":[212],"developing":[213],"more":[214],"trustworthy,":[215],"efficient,":[216],"scalable,":[217],"sustainable":[219],"systems.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
