{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225396597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","title":"Enjoyable informal digital learning of English and young EFL learners' mindsets, goals, and classroom engagement: a mixed-methods intervention study","display_name":"Enjoyable informal digital learning of English and young EFL learners' mindsets, goals, and classroom engagement: a mixed-methods intervention study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225396597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078072453","display_name":"Lihang Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6835-0830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6835-0830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182707071","display_name":"Ludong University","ror":"https://ror.org/028h95t32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182707071"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lihang Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Foreign Languages, Ludong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Languages, Ludong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182707071"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078072453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182707071"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.046300001442432404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-digital-learning","display_name":"informal digital learning","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"English as a foreign language","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-learners","display_name":"young learners","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enjoyment-of-learning","display_name":"joyful learning","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-mindset","display_name":"growth mindset","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-goals","display_name":"achievement goals","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mastery-goals","display_name":"mastery goals","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-goals","display_name":"performance goals","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classroom-engagement","display_name":"classroom engagement","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"metaverse","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-assisted-learning","display_name":"AI-assisted learning","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wechat","display_name":"WeChat","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lack-of-motivation","display_name":"lack of motivation","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/junior-high-school-students","display_name":"junior high school students","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumental-motivation","display_name":"instrumental motivation","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-culture","display_name":"educational culture","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8147000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776181820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal learning","level":2,"score":0.7003999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.60589998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780198215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361428","display_name":"Informal learning","level":2,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986378755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130192","display_name":"English as a foreign language","level":2,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51672120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303446","display_name":"Cooperative learning","level":3,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114010052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150352","display_name":"Foreign language","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190973436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2893573","display_name":"Informal education","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80245801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477475","display_name":"Semi-structured interview","level":3,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110131835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153659","display_name":"Self-efficacy","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c2c3e68c33f14969ac8a1ba527ab5996","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c2c3e68c33f14969ac8a1ba527ab5996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940445/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225396597.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225396597.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013378101","https://openalex.org/W2030028362","https://openalex.org/W2096684396","https://openalex.org/W2113101808","https://openalex.org/W2124735841","https://openalex.org/W2149874222","https://openalex.org/W2315740750","https://openalex.org/W2559371558","https://openalex.org/W2598113640","https://openalex.org/W2772429939","https://openalex.org/W2996483157","https://openalex.org/W3016509151","https://openalex.org/W3037626064","https://openalex.org/W3047184170","https://openalex.org/W3180912127","https://openalex.org/W4206806123","https://openalex.org/W4214905162","https://openalex.org/W4232985273","https://openalex.org/W4281695394","https://openalex.org/W4308299505","https://openalex.org/W4313462818","https://openalex.org/W4320081749","https://openalex.org/W4362580476","https://openalex.org/W4382240703","https://openalex.org/W4385170627","https://openalex.org/W4385425208","https://openalex.org/W4389733987","https://openalex.org/W4390863507","https://openalex.org/W4391025059","https://openalex.org/W4391939617","https://openalex.org/W4395075838","https://openalex.org/W4396527660","https://openalex.org/W4396849433","https://openalex.org/W4399232273","https://openalex.org/W4399851955","https://openalex.org/W4399990015","https://openalex.org/W4400720858","https://openalex.org/W4402837397","https://openalex.org/W4403348629","https://openalex.org/W4403739205","https://openalex.org/W4403773662","https://openalex.org/W4404229619","https://openalex.org/W4404972686","https://openalex.org/W4406259380","https://openalex.org/W4407028967","https://openalex.org/W4407983814","https://openalex.org/W4408081939","https://openalex.org/W4408326716","https://openalex.org/W4408363043","https://openalex.org/W4408370323","https://openalex.org/W4408967240","https://openalex.org/W4413183494","https://openalex.org/W4415053043","https://openalex.org/W4417335086","https://openalex.org/W7119162866","https://openalex.org/W7119482314","https://openalex.org/W7202349728","https://openalex.org/W7203675496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3021886458","https://openalex.org/W4414838217","https://openalex.org/W7213779469","https://openalex.org/W4388414493","https://openalex.org/W4404661062","https://openalex.org/W4411605198","https://openalex.org/W4409454199","https://openalex.org/W4406246233","https://openalex.org/W7160185166","https://openalex.org/W7217046039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Enjoyment":[1],"during":[2],"informal":[3,23,157],"digital":[4,139,178],"learning":[5,26,64,88,179,185],"of":[6],"English":[7,15,63,145],"(IDLE)":[8],"may":[9,180],"influence":[10,169],"learners'":[11,44],"participation":[12,155],"in":[13,41,62,98,112,131],"formal":[14,25,159],"as":[16,58],"a":[17,66],"foreign":[18],"language":[19,45,113],"(EFL)":[20],"education,":[21],"linking":[22],"and":[24,49,71,117,153,158],"contexts.":[27,160],"This":[28],"mixed-methods":[29],"intervention":[30,68],"study":[31],"examined":[32],"whether":[33],"enjoyable":[34,138,177],"IDLE":[35],"experiences":[36,140],"were":[37],"associated":[38],"with":[39,69],"changes":[40],"young":[42],"EFL":[43],"mindsets,":[46,114],"achievement":[47],"goals,":[48,116],"classroom":[50],"engagement.":[51],"Methods":[52],"Seventy":[53],"middle":[54],"school":[55],"students":[56,95],"identified":[57],"having":[59],"low":[60],"motivation":[61],"completed":[65,86],"30-day":[67],"pre-":[70],"post-intervention":[72],"questionnaires.":[73],"The":[74,173],"experimental":[75,107],"group":[76,85,108],"used":[77],"an":[78],"AI-supported":[79],"metaverse":[80],"application,":[81],"while":[82,187],"the":[83,106,121,191],"control":[84,122],"textbook-based":[87],"activities":[89],"supported":[90],"through":[91],"WeChat.":[92],"Nine":[93],"experimental-group":[94],"subsequently":[96],"participated":[97],"semi-structured":[99],"interviews.":[100],"Results":[101],"Quantitative":[102],"findings":[103,135,174],"indicated":[104],"that":[105,137],"showed":[109],"greater":[110],"improvements":[111],"mastery":[115],"responsive":[118],"engagement":[119],"than":[120],"group,":[123],"whereas":[124],"no":[125],"clear":[126],"between-group":[127],"difference":[128],"was":[129],"found":[130],"performance":[132],"goals.":[133,171],"Qualitative":[134],"suggested":[136],"reduced":[141],"students'":[142,170],"aversion":[143],"to":[144,168],"learning,":[146],"strengthened":[147],"their":[148],"perceived":[149],"capacity":[150],"for":[151],"improvement,":[152],"encouraged":[154],"across":[156,184],"However,":[161],"instrumental":[162],"orientations":[163],"toward":[164],"examination":[165],"results":[166],"continued":[167],"Discussion":[172],"illustrate":[175],"how":[176],"support":[181],"motivational":[182],"change":[183],"contexts":[186],"remaining":[188],"shaped":[189],"by":[190],"broader":[192],"educational":[193],"culture.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
