{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225389592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2755685","title":"Does AI-Generated Content Reduce Cognitive Load? A Comparative Examination of Instructional Materials Using Eye Tracking, Galvanic Skin Response, and Usability Measures","display_name":"Does AI-Generated Content Reduce Cognitive Load? A Comparative Examination of Instructional Materials Using Eye Tracking, Galvanic Skin Response, and Usability Measures","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225389592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2755685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2755685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2755685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2755685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092877881","display_name":"Koray G\u00dcND\u00dcZ","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9734-3290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9734-3290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147699246","display_name":"Bing\u00f6l University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hx84x94","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147699246"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Koray G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Management Information Systems, Bing\u00f6l University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9734-3290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Management Information Systems, Bing\u00f6l University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147699246"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039697333","display_name":"Mehmet Yavuz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-232X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-232X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147699246","display_name":"Bing\u00f6l University","ror":"https://ror.org/03hx84x94","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147699246"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Yavuz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Management Information Systems, Bing\u00f6l University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-232X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Management Information Systems, Bing\u00f6l University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147699246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092877881"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147699246"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"cognitive load","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-attention","display_name":"visual attention","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation-count","display_name":"fixation count","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physiological-arousal","display_name":"physiological arousal","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-conductance","display_name":"skin conductance","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"usability","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia-teaching","display_name":"multimedia teaching","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-usability-scale","display_name":"System Usability Scale","score":0.7120000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.8694000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6134999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5289000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36340001225471497}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2755685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2755685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2755685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172711948","https://openalex.org/W2001468118","https://openalex.org/W2095006613","https://openalex.org/W2099105358","https://openalex.org/W2137576942","https://openalex.org/W2159659701","https://openalex.org/W2203197981","https://openalex.org/W2403607868","https://openalex.org/W2489879132","https://openalex.org/W2509752247","https://openalex.org/W2625051696","https://openalex.org/W2810989163","https://openalex.org/W2850678620","https://openalex.org/W2898087647","https://openalex.org/W2905657882","https://openalex.org/W2981863007","https://openalex.org/W3017131514","https://openalex.org/W4224912036","https://openalex.org/W4229712533","https://openalex.org/W4248237648","https://openalex.org/W4280577739","https://openalex.org/W4282838628","https://openalex.org/W4318617497","https://openalex.org/W4366300659","https://openalex.org/W4392664255","https://openalex.org/W4400681460","https://openalex.org/W4401253689","https://openalex.org/W4401550105","https://openalex.org/W4401620743","https://openalex.org/W4402542567","https://openalex.org/W4405702704","https://openalex.org/W4405992352","https://openalex.org/W4406107150","https://openalex.org/W4407785478","https://openalex.org/W4407979456","https://openalex.org/W4407982682","https://openalex.org/W4408302972","https://openalex.org/W4408716445","https://openalex.org/W4409170598","https://openalex.org/W4409629882","https://openalex.org/W4409885395","https://openalex.org/W4410384654","https://openalex.org/W4410775225","https://openalex.org/W4411554388","https://openalex.org/W4411857926","https://openalex.org/W4411925586","https://openalex.org/W4413369089","https://openalex.org/W4414662178","https://openalex.org/W4414776488","https://openalex.org/W4415760856","https://openalex.org/W7131105347","https://openalex.org/W7166689282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204449493","https://openalex.org/W7208712968","https://openalex.org/W7222687460","https://openalex.org/W7224121528","https://openalex.org/W6903704693","https://openalex.org/W7166689282","https://openalex.org/W7214927327","https://openalex.org/W7117965923","https://openalex.org/W7215987894","https://openalex.org/W7162125822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"compares":[2],"GenAI-generated,":[3],"theory-based":[4],"multimedia,":[5],"and":[6,17,34,51,60,70,82,111,125,145],"traditional":[7,77,112],"instructional":[8],"materials":[9,78,113],"in":[10,26],"cognitive":[11],"load,":[12],"visual":[13],"attention,":[14],"physiological":[15,46],"arousal,":[16],"perceived":[18],"usability.":[19],"Fifty":[20],"undergraduates":[21],"evaluated":[22],"all":[23],"three":[24],"conditions":[25],"a":[27,142],"within-subjects":[28],"repeated-measures":[29],"design.":[30],"Fixation":[31],"count":[32],"(FC)":[33],"total":[35],"fixation":[36],"duration":[37],"(TFD)":[38],"were":[39],"recorded":[40],"using":[41,48,53],"Tobii":[42],"X2-60":[43],"eye":[44],"tracking,":[45],"arousal":[47],"Shimmer3":[49],"GSR,":[50],"usability":[52],"the":[54],"System":[55],"Usability":[56,99],"Scale.":[57],"Linear":[58],"mixed":[59],"generalized":[61],"linear":[62],"models":[63],"revealed":[64],"higher":[65],"FC":[66],"(M":[67,72,102,108,114],"=":[68,73,89,97,103,109,115,118,122],"21.922)":[69],"GSR":[71],"2.213":[74],"\u03bcS)":[75],"for":[76,80],"than":[79],"GenAI":[81,107,124,140],"multimedia":[83,101,126],"(p":[84,96],"<":[85],".001;":[86],"partial":[87,120],"\u03b7\u00b2":[88,121],".03\u2013.05).":[90],"TFD":[91],"did":[92],"not":[93],"differ":[94],"significantly":[95],".079).":[98],"favored":[100],"61.96),":[104],"followed":[105],"by":[106,134],"60.68)":[110],"53.52;":[116],"p":[117],".002;":[119],".163).":[123],"showed":[127],"comparable":[128],"biometric":[129],"patterns.":[130],"Interpretation":[131],"is":[132],"limited":[133],"five-second":[135],"slide":[136],"exposures,":[137],"one":[138],"unedited":[139],"tool,":[141],"single-institution":[143],"sample,":[144],"absent":[146],"learning-outcome":[147],"measures.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
