{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225377906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719","title":"Mechanistic Study on Nb Microalloying Synergistically Enhancing the Cryogenic Strength\u2013Toughness of Austenitic Stainless Steel","display_name":"Mechanistic Study on Nb Microalloying Synergistically Enhancing the Cryogenic Strength\u2013Toughness of Austenitic Stainless Steel","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225377906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19214719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159979044","display_name":"Lei Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi BG New Materials Co., Ltd., Beihai 536000, China","School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi BG New Materials Co., Ltd., Beihai 536000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137969801","display_name":"Riqing Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riqing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi BG New Materials Co., Ltd., Beihai 536000, China","School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi BG New Materials Co., Ltd., Beihai 536000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126005350","display_name":"Qing li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111039433","display_name":"Xiangzhu Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangzhu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076876196","display_name":"Tingping Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-5351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-5351"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingping Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046308078","display_name":"Tianliang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-9484","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-9484"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianliang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-9484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102558546","display_name":"Sundas Arshad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sundas Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062457206","display_name":"Marina Afzal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128693415","display_name":"Faiqa Barkat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiqa Barkat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159057492","display_name":"Kaiming Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaiming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Energy, International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126005350","https://openalex.org/A5159057492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"21","first_page":"4719","last_page":"4719"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10386","display_name":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10386","display_name":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10840","display_name":"High Temperature Alloys and Creep","score":0.01590000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10736","display_name":"Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion behaviors in metals","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/niobium-microalloying","display_name":"niobium microalloying","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/austenitic-stainless-steel","display_name":"austenitic stainless steel","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/304-stainless-steel","display_name":"304 stainless steel","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-temperature-toughness","display_name":"low-temperature toughness","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strength-ductility-trade-off","display_name":"strength-ductility trade-off","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-temperature-impact-toughness","display_name":"low-temperature impact toughness","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-behavior","display_name":"fracture behavior","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-refinement","display_name":"grain refinement","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-solution-strengthening","display_name":"solid solution strengthening","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion","display_name":"inclusion","score":0.6549999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8827000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.6786999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45780264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866682","display_name":"Fractography","level":3,"score":0.6754999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779229422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3604146","display_name":"Austenitic stainless steel","level":3,"score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96288455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487286","display_name":"Austenite","level":3,"score":0.6301000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.5978999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33947775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271439","display_name":"Elongation","level":3,"score":0.5454999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136478896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898288","display_name":"Brittleness","level":2,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97549433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911969","display_name":"Fracture toughness","level":2,"score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43369102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192191005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466491","display_name":"Grain size","level":2,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99595764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486802","display_name":"Toughness","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195702682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623318","display_name":"Recrystallization (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79148161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456874","display_name":"Strengthening mechanisms of materials","level":3,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127205250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653604","display_name":"Charpy impact test","level":3,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121745418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585536","display_name":"Quenching (fluorescence)","level":3,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79186407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472074","display_name":"Plasticity","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776512210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5311608","display_name":"Ductility (Earth science)","level":3,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988439775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5120022","display_name":"Brittle fracture","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776704300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501203","display_name":"Work hardening","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47542005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834435","display_name":"Transition temperature","level":3,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19214719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19214719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336744","display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hubei Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W284870575","https://openalex.org/W2295063868","https://openalex.org/W2903119794","https://openalex.org/W3051928257","https://openalex.org/W3189660588","https://openalex.org/W4210749634","https://openalex.org/W4311756742","https://openalex.org/W4391042138","https://openalex.org/W4400310191","https://openalex.org/W4402490211","https://openalex.org/W4402544513","https://openalex.org/W4404232056","https://openalex.org/W4405316824","https://openalex.org/W4410194818","https://openalex.org/W4411220298","https://openalex.org/W4412711621","https://openalex.org/W4415642305","https://openalex.org/W4416373423","https://openalex.org/W7126262947","https://openalex.org/W7139970298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386888154","https://openalex.org/W2045751694","https://openalex.org/W4416373423","https://openalex.org/W1984690963","https://openalex.org/W7139970298","https://openalex.org/W2093886857","https://openalex.org/W2905874342","https://openalex.org/W2803516682","https://openalex.org/W4388566127","https://openalex.org/W2039539605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Overcoming":[0],"the":[1,18,29,46,49,55,61,64,93,117,121,126,134,138,152,160,180,188,201],"strength\u2013ductility":[2,95],"trade-off":[3],"at":[4,78],"cryogenic":[5],"temperatures":[6],"is":[7,114],"a":[8,99],"key":[9],"bottleneck":[10],"for":[11,200],"austenitic":[12,206],"stainless":[13,207],"steels.":[14,208],"This":[15],"study":[16],"investigated":[17,47],"effects":[19],"of":[20,35,137,183,204],"Nb":[21,52],"additions":[22],"(0,":[23],"0.03,":[24],"and":[25,32,68,75,85,87,120,133,163,175],"0.06":[26,50],"wt.%)":[27],"on":[28],"mechanical":[30,112],"properties":[31,113],"fracture":[33,71,104],"behavior":[34],"304":[36],"steel":[37,53],"from":[38,101],"room":[39],"temperature":[40],"(RT)":[41],"to":[42,105,149,187],"\u2212196":[43,79],"\u00b0C.":[44],"Within":[45],"range,":[48],"wt.%":[51],"produced":[54],"largest":[56],"measured":[57],"response.":[58],"Compared":[59],"with":[60,116,125],"Nb-free":[62],"steel,":[63],"RT":[65],"yield":[66],"strength":[67],"elongation":[69],"after":[70],"increased":[72,82],"by":[73,83,90,141],"~5%":[74],"2.4%,":[76],"respectively;":[77],"\u00b0C,":[80],"they":[81],"11.1%":[84],"4.1%,":[86],"impact":[88,177],"toughness":[89],"31.8%,":[91],"mitigating":[92],"low-temperature":[94,176],"trade-off.":[96],"Fractography":[97],"revealed":[98],"transition":[100],"brittle":[102],"cleavage/mixed":[103],"dimple-dominated":[106],"ductile":[107],"fracture.":[108],"The":[109],"improvement":[110],"in":[111,159],"consistent":[115],"refined":[118],"microstructure":[119],"modified":[122],"inclusion":[123,173],"distribution,":[124],"underlying":[127],"mechanisms":[128],"likely":[129],"involving":[130],"grain":[131],"refinement":[132],"solid-solution":[135],"strengthening":[136],"austenite":[139],"matrix":[140],"Nb.":[142],"It":[143],"should":[144],"be":[145],"noted":[146],"that,":[147],"owing":[148],"experimental":[150,198],"limitations,":[151],"deformation-induced":[153],"\u03b1\u2032-martensite":[154],"was":[155],"not":[156],"quantitatively":[157],"characterized":[158],"present":[161],"study,":[162],"no":[164],"rigorous":[165],"quantitative":[166],"correlation":[167],"has":[168],"yet":[169],"been":[170],"established":[171],"between":[172],"characteristics":[174],"toughness.":[178],"Consequently,":[179],"relative":[181],"contribution":[182],"each":[184],"contributing":[185],"factor":[186],"observed":[189],"performance":[190],"enhancement":[191],"remains":[192],"unresolved.":[193],"Nevertheless,":[194],"this":[195],"work":[196],"provides":[197],"support":[199],"microalloying":[202],"design":[203],"ultra-low-temperature":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}