{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225377294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","title":"Assessing gender\u2013object association bias in text-to-image generation","display_name":"Assessing gender\u2013object association bias in text-to-image generation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225377294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159190051","display_name":"HAOYU SONG","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["InfoComm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 1 Punggol Coast Road, Singapore, 828608, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"InfoComm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 1 Punggol Coast Road, Singapore, 828608, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064099671","display_name":"Pai Chet Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-5411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-5411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pai Chet Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["InfoComm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 1 Punggol Coast Road, Singapore, 828608, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"InfoComm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 1 Punggol Coast Road, Singapore, 828608, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000620878","display_name":"Ian Vince McLoughlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-2008","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-2008"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ian McLoughlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["InfoComm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 1 Punggol Coast Road, Singapore, 828608, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-2008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"InfoComm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 1 Punggol Coast Road, Singapore, 828608, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000620878"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"85","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12908","display_name":"Media, Gender, and Advertising","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-to-image-generation","display_name":"text-to-image generation","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"gender bias","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-assessment","display_name":"bias assessment","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"object detection","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-maps","display_name":"heatmaps","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-stereotypes","display_name":"gender stereotypes","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.7850000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7081999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7010999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130367717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189791","display_name":"Diagonal","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193524817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386780","display_name":"Association rule learning","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994538360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774081","display_name":"Association test","level":5,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11042-026-22002-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110206669","display_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","issn_l":"1380-7501","issn":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Tools and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225377294.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225377294.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1956340063","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2564591810","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963966654","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3129576130","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4327525621","https://openalex.org/W4379959055","https://openalex.org/W4386071621","https://openalex.org/W4386242353","https://openalex.org/W4390872723","https://openalex.org/W4391468387","https://openalex.org/W4393156804","https://openalex.org/W4393924367","https://openalex.org/W4399030933","https://openalex.org/W4402704640","https://openalex.org/W4403507286","https://openalex.org/W4403780588","https://openalex.org/W4404518217","https://openalex.org/W4409361467","https://openalex.org/W7133221421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6910707591","https://openalex.org/W4384644377","https://openalex.org/W4415538231","https://openalex.org/W4385570739","https://openalex.org/W7167339457","https://openalex.org/W4393924367","https://openalex.org/W7161265373","https://openalex.org/W7223652446","https://openalex.org/W4410582252","https://openalex.org/W4416175534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text-to-image":[0],"(T2I)":[1],"generative":[2],"AI":[3],"models":[4,27],"enable":[5],"scalable":[6],"visual":[7],"content":[8],"creation":[9],"but":[10],"often":[11,47],"embed":[12],"or":[13,39,60],"even":[14],"amplify":[15],"societal":[16],"biases,":[17],"particularly":[18],"around":[19],"gender":[20],"and":[21,52,84,112,143,151],"object":[22,78],"associations.":[23],"For":[24],"example,":[25],"T2I":[26],"may":[28],"reinforce":[29],"restrictive":[30],"stereotypes":[31],"by":[32],"depicting":[33],"objects":[34,137],"like":[35],"flowers":[36],"as":[37,41],"feminine":[38],"laptops":[40],"masculine.":[42],"Current":[43],"bias":[44,73,91,157],"assessment":[45,74],"methods":[46],"involve":[48],"multi-step":[49],"evaluation":[50],"procedures":[51],"typically":[53],"emphasize":[54],"aggregate":[55],"demographic":[56],"distributions,":[57],"prompt":[58],"adherence,":[59],"profession-level":[61],"associations":[62],"rather":[63],"than":[64,139],"object-level":[65],"gender\u2013object":[66,89,126],"association":[67,90,127],"analysis.":[68,128],"This":[69],"paper":[70],"proposes":[71],"a":[72,108],"pipeline":[75,116],"that":[76,121],"combines":[77],"detection,":[79],"perceived-gender":[80],"identification,":[81],"object-association":[82,156],"scoring,":[83],"heatmap":[85],"visualization":[86],"to":[87],"analyse":[88],"in":[92],"T2I-generated":[93],"images.":[94],"To":[95],"support":[96],"evaluation,":[97],"we":[98],"introduce":[99],"the":[100,114,123,149],"Object":[101],"Bias":[102],"Image":[103],"Dataset":[104],"(OBID),":[105],"designed":[106],"with":[107],"10,000-image":[109],"generation":[110],"target,":[111],"evaluate":[113],"proposed":[115],"on":[117],"3,247":[118],"retained":[119],"images":[120],"satisfy":[122],"requirements":[124],"for":[125,135,140],"Results":[129],"reveal":[130],"stronger":[131],"class-wise":[132],"diagonal":[133],"agreement":[134],"neutral":[136],"(0.59)":[138],"male-associated":[141],"(0.27)":[142],"female-associated":[144],"(0.21)":[145],"objects,":[146],"highlighting":[147],"both":[148],"feasibility":[150],"current":[152],"limitations":[153],"of":[154],"automated":[155],"assessment.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
