{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225376289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70084","title":"A comprehensive review of detection, optical character recognition, and structuring methods for herbarium label digitization","display_name":"A comprehensive review of detection, optical character recognition, and structuring methods for herbarium label digitization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225376289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70084","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42997818","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13742598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aps3.70084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70084","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aps3.70084","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736862409","display_name":"Applications in Plant Sciences","issn_l":"2168-0450","issn":["2168-0450"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316831","host_organization_name":"Botanical Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316831"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Botanical Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applications in Plant Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aps3.70084","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148883973","display_name":"Hiba Abbad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0460-7657","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0460-7657"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012564","display_name":"Ecole sup\u00e9rieure en science et technologies de l'informatique et du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/0530a6n46","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012564"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiba Abbad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire LITAN, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure en Sciences et Technologies de l'Informatique et du Num\u00e9rique (ESTIN) B\u00e9ja\u00efa Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0460-7657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire LITAN, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure en Sciences et Technologies de l'Informatique et du Num\u00e9rique (ESTIN) B\u00e9ja\u00efa Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019379641","display_name":"Hanane Ariouat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7066-4358","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7066-4358"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153851","display_name":"Unit\u00e9 de Mod\u00e9lisation Math\u00e9matique et Informatique des Syst\u00e8mes Complexes","ror":"https://ror.org/053kxkj53","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166444","display_name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05q3vnk25","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanane Ariouat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082665913","display_name":"Nicolas Turenne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1229-5590","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1229-5590"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088668","display_name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement","ror":"https://ror.org/003vg9w96","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088668"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102957","display_name":"D\u00e9partement math\u00e9matiques, informatique, sciences de la donn\u00e9e et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/011emb038","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210102957"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153851","display_name":"Unit\u00e9 de Mod\u00e9lisation Math\u00e9matique et Informatique des Syst\u00e8mes Complexes","ror":"https://ror.org/053kxkj53","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166444","display_name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05q3vnk25","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Turenne","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRAE MathNum France","Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRAE MathNum France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210102957"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029210457","display_name":"Eric Chenin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9648-836X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9648-836X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103322","display_name":"Institut de Syst\u00e9matique, \u00c9volution, Biodiversit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/01dadvw90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I159885104","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210103322","https://openalex.org/I4210107625","https://openalex.org/I4210123595","https://openalex.org/I52585520"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123595","display_name":"Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkt5x30","country_code":"FR","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123595"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Chenin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Syst\u00e9matique, \u00c9volution, Biodiversit\u00e9 (ISYEB) Paris France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Syst\u00e9matique, \u00c9volution, Biodiversit\u00e9 (ISYEB) Paris France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103322","https://openalex.org/I4210123595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049814728","display_name":"Abderrazak Sebaa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-1240","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-1240"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012564","display_name":"Ecole sup\u00e9rieure en science et technologies de l'informatique et du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/0530a6n46","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012564"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abderrazak Sebaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire LITAN, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure en Sciences et Technologies de l'Informatique et du Num\u00e9rique (ESTIN) B\u00e9ja\u00efa Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire LITAN, \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure en Sciences et Technologies de l'Informatique et du Num\u00e9rique (ESTIN) B\u00e9ja\u00efa Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051022071","display_name":"Edi Prifti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-1305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-1305"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154526488","display_name":"Inserm","ror":"https://ror.org/02vjkv261","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096450","display_name":"Nutrition et ob\u00e9sit\u00e9 : approches syst\u00e9miques","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdphm77","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210096450"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097159","display_name":"Assistance Publique \u2013 H\u00f4pitaux de Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/00pg5jh14","country_code":"FR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097159"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121705","display_name":"Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh9a093","country_code":"FR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097159","https://openalex.org/I4210121705"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153851","display_name":"Unit\u00e9 de Mod\u00e9lisation Math\u00e9matique et Informatique des Syst\u00e8mes Complexes","ror":"https://ror.org/053kxkj53","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166444","display_name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05q3vnk25","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edi Prifti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France","Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Nutrition et Obesities; systemic approaches, NutriOmique, AP\u2010HP, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Paris France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Nutrition et Obesities; systemic approaches, NutriOmique, AP\u2010HP, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Paris France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210096450","https://openalex.org/I4210097159","https://openalex.org/I4210121705"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088630634","display_name":"Jean\u2010Daniel Zucker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-7922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-7922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154526488","display_name":"Inserm","ror":"https://ror.org/02vjkv261","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096450","display_name":"Nutrition et ob\u00e9sit\u00e9 : approches syst\u00e9miques","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdphm77","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210096450"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097159","display_name":"Assistance Publique \u2013 H\u00f4pitaux de Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/00pg5jh14","country_code":"FR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097159"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121705","display_name":"Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh9a093","country_code":"FR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097159","https://openalex.org/I4210121705"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153851","display_name":"Unit\u00e9 de Mod\u00e9lisation Math\u00e9matique et Informatique des Syst\u00e8mes Complexes","ror":"https://ror.org/053kxkj53","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166444","display_name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05q3vnk25","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean\u2010Daniel Zucker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France","Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Nutrition et Obesities; systemic approaches, NutriOmique, AP\u2010HP, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Paris France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Nutrition et Obesities; systemic approaches, NutriOmique, AP\u2010HP, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Paris France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210096450","https://openalex.org/I4210097159","https://openalex.org/I4210121705"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111305113","display_name":"Youcef Sklab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7045-9402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7045-9402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153851","display_name":"Unit\u00e9 de Mod\u00e9lisation Math\u00e9matique et Informatique des Syst\u00e8mes Complexes","ror":"https://ror.org/053kxkj53","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166444","display_name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05q3vnk25","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youcef Sklab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7045-9402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD) Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UMMISCO Paris France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111305113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"],"apc_list":{"value":2340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2340},"apc_paid":{"value":2340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2340},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"e70084","last_page":"e70084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herbarium-digitization","display_name":"herbarium digitization","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herbarium-labels","display_name":"herbarium labels","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"optical character recognition","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/label-detection","display_name":"label detection","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata-extraction","display_name":"metadata extraction","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"handwriting recognition","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"transformer models","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark-dataset","display_name":"benchmark dataset","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-adaptation","display_name":"domain adaptation","score":0.7839999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.894599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.8675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.6937999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78945076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181916","display_name":"Herbarium","level":2,"score":0.6729000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5800999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.5702999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196832560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8815","display_name":"ASCII","level":2,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777002779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42478","display_name":"Perl","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67905146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287646","display_name":"Document processing","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/aps3.70084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70084","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aps3.70084","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736862409","display_name":"Applications in Plant Sciences","issn_l":"2168-0450","issn":["2168-0450"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316831","host_organization_name":"Botanical Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316831"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Botanical Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applications in Plant Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42997818","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42997818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applications in plant sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13742598","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13742598/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Appl Plant Sci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/aps3.70084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70084","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aps3.70084","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736862409","display_name":"Applications in Plant Sciences","issn_l":"2168-0450","issn":["2168-0450"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316831","host_organization_name":"Botanical Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316831"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Botanical Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applications in Plant Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2039625293","display_name":"e-COL+, the enhancement of natural history data in France","funder_award_id":"ANR-21-ESRE-0053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225376289.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225376289.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W2001642682","https://openalex.org/W2035791470","https://openalex.org/W2140623652","https://openalex.org/W2144554289","https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2159327312","https://openalex.org/W2164867695","https://openalex.org/W2343052201","https://openalex.org/W2608071175","https://openalex.org/W2762959207","https://openalex.org/W2790484492","https://openalex.org/W2887461455","https://openalex.org/W2901476362","https://openalex.org/W2911663376","https://openalex.org/W2924707097","https://openalex.org/W2967615747","https://openalex.org/W2995531636","https://openalex.org/W3048186973","https://openalex.org/W3162424363","https://openalex.org/W3206522110","https://openalex.org/W4223490351","https://openalex.org/W4225683503","https://openalex.org/W4229030834","https://openalex.org/W4241396795","https://openalex.org/W4282009725","https://openalex.org/W4292937780","https://openalex.org/W4306707571","https://openalex.org/W4312233877","https://openalex.org/W4312988011","https://openalex.org/W4382202677","https://openalex.org/W4385830672","https://openalex.org/W4387665825","https://openalex.org/W4388489043","https://openalex.org/W4388823657","https://openalex.org/W4390190120","https://openalex.org/W4390480489","https://openalex.org/W4390507226","https://openalex.org/W4390563534","https://openalex.org/W4395066804","https://openalex.org/W4400237336","https://openalex.org/W4402191334","https://openalex.org/W4402385990","https://openalex.org/W4402772614","https://openalex.org/W4404071291","https://openalex.org/W4407131568","https://openalex.org/W4409603362","https://openalex.org/W4409917513","https://openalex.org/W4411976963","https://openalex.org/W4412128508","https://openalex.org/W4412774648","https://openalex.org/W4413080001","https://openalex.org/W4415725621","https://openalex.org/W4415974679","https://openalex.org/W4417031668","https://openalex.org/W4417226674","https://openalex.org/W4417290223","https://openalex.org/W6929815057","https://openalex.org/W7124726237","https://openalex.org/W7129400310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204953837","https://openalex.org/W7221580312","https://openalex.org/W7124726237","https://openalex.org/W7162568336","https://openalex.org/W4390563534","https://openalex.org/W7129400310","https://openalex.org/W4415725621","https://openalex.org/W2743583628","https://openalex.org/W4390507226","https://openalex.org/W4223490351"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"herbarium":[1,80,192],"digitization":[2,193],"has":[3,45],"produced":[4],"over":[5],"50":[6],"million":[7],"specimen":[8],"images,":[9],"many":[10],"of":[11,33,49,169,176,190],"which":[12,44],"contain":[13],"handwritten":[14,109],"or":[15],"printed":[16],"labels":[17],"with":[18],"rich":[19],"metadata":[20,104,124],"such":[21],"as":[22],"species":[23],"names,":[24],"collection":[25],"dates,":[26],"localities,":[27],"and":[28,41,60,67,75,95,102,108,123,142,160,173,188],"ecological":[29],"notes.":[30],"Manual":[31],"transcription":[32],"this":[34,147],"information":[35],"is":[36],"labor":[37],"intensive,":[38],"error":[39],"prone,":[40],"not":[42],"scalable,":[43,177],"motivated":[46],"the":[47,167,174,185],"development":[48,175],"automated":[50,191],"solutions.":[51],"This":[52],"systematic":[53],"review":[54],"examines":[55],"studies":[56],"published":[57],"between":[58],"2018":[59],"2026,":[61],"identified":[62],"through":[63],"electronic":[64],"database":[65],"searches":[66],"backward":[68],"reference":[69],"screening,":[70],"focusing":[71],"on":[72,137],"deep":[73,128],"learning":[74,129],"computer":[76],"vision":[77],"approaches":[78],"for":[79,98],"label":[81,118,158],"digitization.":[82],"The":[83,112],"reviewed":[84],"methods":[85],"include":[86],"convolutional":[87],"neural":[88],"networks,":[89],"transformer-based":[90],"models,":[91,94],"large":[92],"language":[93],"open-source":[96],"pipelines":[97,182],"optical":[99],"character":[100],"recognition":[101,121],"structured":[103],"extraction":[105],"from":[106],"historical":[107,154],"botanical":[110],"records.":[111],"results":[113],"highlight":[114],"significant":[115],"advances":[116],"in":[117,152],"detection,":[119],"text":[120],"accuracy,":[122],"structuring":[125],"enabled":[126],"by":[127],"techniques,":[130],"although":[131],"reported":[132],"performance":[133],"varies":[134],"considerably":[135],"depending":[136],"dataset":[138],"quality,":[139],"handwriting":[140,155],"complexity,":[141],"domain":[143],"adaptation":[144],"strategies.":[145],"Despite":[146],"progress,":[148],"substantial":[149],"challenges":[150],"remain":[151],"handling":[153],"styles,":[156],"heterogeneous":[157],"layouts,":[159],"multilingual":[161],"collections.":[162],"Future":[163],"research":[164],"should":[165],"emphasize":[166],"creation":[168],"curated":[170],"benchmark":[171],"datasets":[172],"robust":[178],"artificial":[179],"intelligence":[180],"(AI)":[181],"to":[183],"enhance":[184],"reliability,":[186],"efficiency,":[187],"generalizability":[189],"systems.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}