{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225375879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","title":"Revisiting learning presence in the community of inquiry framework: Insights from a systematic and meta-analytic review","display_name":"Revisiting learning presence in the community of inquiry framework: Insights from a systematic and meta-analytic review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225375879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","pdf_url":"https://olj.onlinelearningconsortium.org/index.php/olj/article/download/5820/1648","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168624","display_name":"Online Learning","issn_l":"1092-8235","issn":["1092-8235","1939-5256","2472-5730","2472-5749"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316091","host_organization_name":"Online Learning Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316091"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Online Learning Consortium"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Online Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://olj.onlinelearningconsortium.org/index.php/olj/article/download/5820/1648","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023350727","display_name":"Chungsoo Na","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-368X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-368X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chungsoo Na","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utah State University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-368X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utah State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161003418","display_name":"Fan Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089989028","display_name":"Andrew E. Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8693-9921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8693-9921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utah State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utah State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"SI2","first_page":"e5820","last_page":"e5820"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-presence","display_name":"learning presence","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-of-inquiry-framework","display_name":"Community of Inquiry framework","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-presence","display_name":"teaching presence","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-presence","display_name":"social presence","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-presence","display_name":"cognitive presence","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-regulation","display_name":"student self-regulation","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy","display_name":"self-efficacy","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-satisfaction","display_name":"student satisfaction","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-outcomes","display_name":"learning outcomes","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-definitions","display_name":"conceptual definitions","score":0.5899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.8223000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.65829998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14564219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383646","display_name":"Social cognitive theory","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36727532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399","display_name":"Educational research","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48164120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4491893","display_name":"Concept learning","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178233286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q645999","display_name":"Social comparison theory","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","pdf_url":"https://olj.onlinelearningconsortium.org/index.php/olj/article/download/5820/1648","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168624","display_name":"Online Learning","issn_l":"1092-8235","issn":["1092-8235","1939-5256","2472-5730","2472-5749"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316091","host_organization_name":"Online Learning Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316091"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Online Learning Consortium"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Online Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f030ec89af464c8aa0f6d6f5e55e433b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f030ec89af464c8aa0f6d6f5e55e433b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Online Learning, Vol 30, Iss SI2 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30isi2.5820","pdf_url":"https://olj.onlinelearningconsortium.org/index.php/olj/article/download/5820/1648","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168624","display_name":"Online Learning","issn_l":"1092-8235","issn":["1092-8235","1939-5256","2472-5730","2472-5749"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316091","host_organization_name":"Online Learning Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316091"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Online Learning Consortium"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Online Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7567999958992004}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225375879.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225375879.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W347186812","https://openalex.org/W1552943823","https://openalex.org/W1968505577","https://openalex.org/W2014858765","https://openalex.org/W2033726034","https://openalex.org/W2050330832","https://openalex.org/W2055854942","https://openalex.org/W2060635400","https://openalex.org/W2061913119","https://openalex.org/W2066052206","https://openalex.org/W2070635017","https://openalex.org/W2071463392","https://openalex.org/W2082234556","https://openalex.org/W2091448591","https://openalex.org/W2099745846","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2106341825","https://openalex.org/W2107882115","https://openalex.org/W2107956835","https://openalex.org/W2116727943","https://openalex.org/W2121833467","https://openalex.org/W2126930838","https://openalex.org/W2139168999","https://openalex.org/W2147234629","https://openalex.org/W2156304795","https://openalex.org/W2167811808","https://openalex.org/W2231824657","https://openalex.org/W2275737843","https://openalex.org/W2415382242","https://openalex.org/W2496984780","https://openalex.org/W2584503943","https://openalex.org/W2606137060","https://openalex.org/W2613666962","https://openalex.org/W2759513664","https://openalex.org/W2771026009","https://openalex.org/W2909908631","https://openalex.org/W2947143056","https://openalex.org/W2996863433","https://openalex.org/W3043694226","https://openalex.org/W3087936928","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3172583174","https://openalex.org/W3177620628","https://openalex.org/W3213026512","https://openalex.org/W4200457502","https://openalex.org/W4220823808","https://openalex.org/W4221108189","https://openalex.org/W4225745341","https://openalex.org/W4242818183","https://openalex.org/W4285085063","https://openalex.org/W4298145072","https://openalex.org/W4310785894","https://openalex.org/W4320038940","https://openalex.org/W4324087518","https://openalex.org/W4367186954","https://openalex.org/W4377242355","https://openalex.org/W4378575330","https://openalex.org/W4389097280","https://openalex.org/W4393158868","https://openalex.org/W4396856292","https://openalex.org/W4403056541","https://openalex.org/W4403357878","https://openalex.org/W4405415301","https://openalex.org/W4407072083","https://openalex.org/W4408197208","https://openalex.org/W4410942598","https://openalex.org/W4413939334","https://openalex.org/W4415891817","https://openalex.org/W7126384764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415891817","https://openalex.org/W1990332552","https://openalex.org/W4220823808","https://openalex.org/W3213026512","https://openalex.org/W4401460147","https://openalex.org/W7096540137","https://openalex.org/W3005408713","https://openalex.org/W2050330832","https://openalex.org/W7220256074","https://openalex.org/W4378575330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"presence":[1,130,135,140],"(LP)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"proposed":[5],"as":[6,116],"a":[7,38],"\u201cfourth":[8],"presence\u201d":[9,102],"in":[10],"the":[11,42,53,75,89,99,163,170],"Community":[12],"of":[13,44,118,173,182],"Inquiry":[14],"(CoI)":[15],"framework":[16],"and":[17,21,26,47,59,78,109,128,149,178,189,199,205,208],"linked":[18],"to":[19,94,106],"self-regulation":[20],"self-efficacy;":[22],"however,":[23],"its":[24,183],"conceptualization":[25],"empirical":[27],"relationships":[28,185],"remain":[29],"unclear.":[30],"To":[31],"address":[32],"these":[33],"gaps,":[34],"this":[35,167],"study":[36],"conducted":[37],"systematic":[39,76],"review":[40,77],"on":[41],"definitions":[43,198],"LP":[45,108,127,174],"(RQ1)":[46],"meta-analysis":[48,90],"examining":[49],"LP\u2019s":[50],"associations":[51,125],"with":[52,186],"three":[54],"established":[55],"CoI":[56,176],"presences,":[57],"satisfaction,":[58],"learning":[60,144],"outcomes":[61,145],"(RQ2).":[62],"Guided":[63],"by":[64],"PRISMA":[65],"(Page":[66],"et":[67],"al.,":[68],"2021),":[69],"we":[70],"identified":[71],"51":[72],"studies":[73,80],"for":[74,88,162],"18":[79],"comprising":[81],"103":[82],"effect":[83],"sizes":[84],"(N":[85],"=":[86,132,137,142,147,152],"19,827)":[87],"published":[91],"from":[92],"2010":[93],"2025.":[95],"Results":[96],"indicated":[97],"that":[98,110],"term":[100],"\u201clearning":[101],"is":[103,112],"widely":[104],"used":[105],"denote":[107],"it":[111],"most":[113],"commonly":[114],"conceptualized":[115],"regulation":[117],"learning.":[119,191],"Meta-analytic":[120],"findings":[121],"revealed":[122,156],"strong":[123],"positive":[124],"between":[126],"teaching":[129],"(r":[131,136,141,146,151],".55),":[133],"social":[134],".62),":[138],"cognitive":[139],".66),":[143],".53),":[148],"satisfaction":[150],".54).":[153],"Meta-regression":[154],"analyses":[155],"no":[157],"significant":[158],"moderator":[159],"effects,":[160],"except":[161],"educational":[164],"levels.":[165],"Overall,":[166],"synthesis":[168],"clarifies":[169],"conceptual":[171,197],"landscape":[172],"within":[175],"research":[177,193],"provides":[179],"robust":[180],"evidence":[181],"consistent":[184],"key":[187],"presences":[188],"student":[190],"Future":[192],"should":[194],"pursue":[195],"clearer":[196],"refinements,":[200],"more":[201],"standardized":[202],"measurement":[203],"approaches,":[204],"greater":[206],"methodological":[207],"reporting":[209],"rigor.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}