{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225375640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","title":"Full-sunlight-driven photocatalytic recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries via organic acid leaching","display_name":"Full-sunlight-driven photocatalytic recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries via organic acid leaching","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225375640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-78307-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64187185","display_name":"Nature Communications","issn_l":"2041-1723","issn":["2041-1723"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-78307-0_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050228643","display_name":"Sunghyun Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-5855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-5855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunghyun Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088183523","display_name":"Jinha Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7715-4540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7715-4540"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinha Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA","Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078371296","display_name":"\uac15\uc7a5\ud6c8","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janghoon Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128175126","display_name":"Wonyong Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1801-9386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1801-9386"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonyong Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074251562","display_name":"Ung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6693-5309","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6693-5309"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea","Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6693-5309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052598115","display_name":"Da Hye Won","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-7866","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-7866"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da Hye Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea","KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-7866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043853671","display_name":"Jiheong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4446-5494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4446-5494","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8230-4520"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiheong Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4446-5494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037854062","display_name":"Giyeong Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-8105","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-8105"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giyeong Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125720242","display_name":"Chang Hyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-4426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-4426"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chang Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-4426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004655177","display_name":"Chan Beum Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-8629","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-8629"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chan Beum Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-8629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100631844","display_name":"Chang-Soo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-297X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-297X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88761825","display_name":"Korea University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000qzf213","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changsoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-297X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616","https://openalex.org/I88761825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004655177","https://openalex.org/A5100631844","https://openalex.org/A5125720242"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424","https://openalex.org/I58716616","https://openalex.org/I88761825"],"apc_list":{"value":6990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":6990},"apc_paid":{"value":6990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":6990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11073","display_name":"Metal Extraction and Bioleaching","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-ion-battery-recycling","display_name":"lithium-ion battery recycling","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-metal-recovery","display_name":"critical metal recovery","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-acid-leaching","display_name":"organic acid leaching","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spent-batteries","display_name":"spent batteries","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cathode-materials","display_name":"cathode materials","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-peroxide-production","display_name":"hydrogen peroxide production","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/techno-economic-analysis","display_name":"techno-economic analysis","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-assessment","display_name":"life cycle assessment","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-economy","display_name":"circular economy","score":0.9409999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777569206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315837","display_name":"Resource recovery","level":3,"score":0.7224000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90982505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886","display_name":"Leaching (pedology)","level":3,"score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831","display_name":"Photocatalysis","level":3,"score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22507642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069369","display_name":"Hazardous waste","level":2,"score":0.4715000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.4706999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77176794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187689","display_name":"Oxidizing agent","level":2,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137981799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369184","display_name":"Reusability","level":3,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190538518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7101864","display_name":"Organic radical battery","level":4,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49110097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233","display_name":"Cathode","level":2,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982926626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962383","display_name":"Sustainable energy","level":3,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541104983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015","display_name":"Solar energy","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54725748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247277","display_name":"Process integration","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179366358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909212","display_name":"Metal-organic framework","level":3,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143517461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571","display_name":"Renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16925390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2281647","display_name":"Leachate","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50292345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337724","display_name":"Lead\u2013acid battery","level":4,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171534860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655870","display_name":"Environmentally friendly","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C533411734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171877","display_name":"Hydrogen peroxide","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87803896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654623","display_name":"Artificial photosynthesis","level":4,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-78307-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64187185","display_name":"Nature Communications","issn_l":"2041-1723","issn":["2041-1723"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78307-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-78307-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64187185","display_name":"Nature Communications","issn_l":"2041-1723","issn":["2041-1723"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322091","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225375640.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225375640.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164823568","https://openalex.org/W4386916278","https://openalex.org/W7220705790","https://openalex.org/W4411058945","https://openalex.org/W7138900168","https://openalex.org/W4412449280","https://openalex.org/W4414206457","https://openalex.org/W4404655410","https://openalex.org/W4387903025","https://openalex.org/W4417348400"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,76],"rapidly":[1],"increasing":[2],"deployment":[3],"of":[4,19,28,68],"secondary":[5],"batteries":[6],"has":[7],"intensified":[8],"pressures":[9],"on":[10],"resource":[11],"security":[12],"and":[13,30,42,107,134,141,156,167],"waste":[14,36],"management,":[15,37],"exposing":[16],"fundamental":[17],"limitations":[18],"current":[20],"battery":[21,35,172,205],"recycling":[22,150,206],"technologies":[23],"that":[24,64],"require":[25],"intensive":[26],"use":[27],"energy":[29,154],"chemicals.":[31],"To":[32],"enable":[33],"sustainable":[34,180,202],"systems":[38],"must":[39],"improve":[40],"economic":[41],"environmental":[43],"feasibility":[44],"at":[45],"the":[46,104,122],"process":[47,77,132],"level":[48],"while":[49],"retaining":[50],"versatility":[51],"toward":[52,178],"diverse":[53,72],"cathode":[54,74],"chemistries.":[55],"Here,":[56],"we":[57],"report":[58],"a":[59,83,88,164,175,179,185,200],"sunlight-driven":[60],"photocatalytic":[61],"leaching":[62,90],"framework":[63],"enables":[65],"robust":[66],"recovery":[67],"critical":[69,193],"metals":[70,194],"from":[71,195],"commercial":[73],"materials.":[75],"couples":[78],"mild":[79],"organic":[80,189],"acids":[81,190],"with":[82],"reusable":[84],"photocatalyst":[85],"to":[86,113,171,191],"orchestrate":[87],"twofold":[89],"mechanism":[91],"driven":[92],"by":[93,110,208],"sunlight,":[94],"in":[95,101],"which":[96],"hydrogen":[97],"peroxide":[98],"is":[99],"generated":[100],"situ":[102],"across":[103],"solar":[105],"spectrum":[106],"further":[108],"activated":[109],"UV":[111],"components":[112],"enhance":[114],"metal":[115],"extraction":[116],"without":[117],"external":[118],"oxidizing":[119],"agents.":[120],"Importantly,":[121],"system":[123],"maintains":[124],"consistent":[125],"performance":[126],"over":[127,148],"multiple":[128],"operation":[129],"cycles,":[130],"supporting":[131],"robustness":[133],"scalability.":[135],"Beyond":[136],"its":[137],"technical":[138],"performance,":[139],"techno-economic":[140],"life":[142],"cycle":[143],"analyses":[144],"demonstrate":[145],"clear":[146],"advantages":[147],"conventional":[149],"methods,":[151],"including":[152],"lower":[153],"inputs":[155],"reduced":[157],"greenhouse":[158],"gas":[159],"emissions.":[160],"This":[161],"work":[162],"establishes":[163],"versatile,":[165],"profitable,":[166],"environmentally":[168],"benign":[169],"approach":[170],"recycling,":[173],"offering":[174,199],"scalable":[176],"pathway":[177],"circular":[181],"economy.":[182],"Researchers":[183],"developed":[184],"light-driven":[186],"method":[187],"using":[188],"recover":[192],"used":[196],"lithium-ion":[197],"batteries,":[198],"more":[201],"route":[203],"for":[204],"powered":[207],"natural":[209],"sunlight.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
