{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225375627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","title":"National trends and demographic disparities in mortality involving co-listed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and substance use disorders among U.S. adults aged \u226565 years: A population-based serial cross-sectional CDC WONDER analysis, 1999 to 2020","display_name":"National trends and demographic disparities in mortality involving co-listed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and substance use disorders among U.S. adults aged \u226565 years: A population-based serial cross-sectional CDC WONDER analysis, 1999 to 2020","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225375627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42994853"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/md.0000000000051448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28966261","display_name":"Medicine","issn_l":"0025-7974","issn":["0025-7974","1536-5964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123717266","display_name":"Mirza Ammar Arshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1262-0252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1262-0252"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirza Ammar Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Rahbar Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Rahbar Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017612596","display_name":"Urwah Noor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3885-5898","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3885-5898","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3414-1325"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267158","display_name":"FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry","ror":"https://ror.org/01egxa393","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267158"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urwah Noor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161123238","display_name":"Rida Fatima","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I224549313","display_name":"Punjab Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04hbpw172","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I224549313"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rida Fatima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I224549313"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010478083","display_name":"Fatima Maqsood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6605-4751","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6605-4751"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Maqsood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Islam Medical and Dental College, Sialkot, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Islam Medical and Dental College, Sialkot, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104723806","display_name":"Hassan Faraz Chaudhry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9253-3335","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9253-3335"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I221268210","display_name":"Rashid Latif Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/011b7yt80","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I221268210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Faraz Chaudhry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I221268210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106384022","display_name":"Muhammad Shumas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4970-3880","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4970-3880"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261637","display_name":"Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College","ror":"https://ror.org/05kyfde14","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261637"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shumas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161010533","display_name":"Amna Zafar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amna Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Lahore Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Lahore Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120983441","display_name":"Menahil Fazal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6825-6274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6825-6274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205173300","display_name":"Allama Iqbal Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04vhsg885","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205173300"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menahil Fazal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205173300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141058796","display_name":"Ravi Kumar Pandey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7355-9532","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7355-9532"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Kumar Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepalgunj, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepalgunj, Nepal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061919403","display_name":"Rida Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I923305593","display_name":"Ziauddin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vz8ns51","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I923305593"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rida Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Ziauddin Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Ziauddin Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I923305593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161058793","display_name":"Muhammad Hassan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161034957","display_name":"Ashish Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39727005","display_name":"Dow University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01h85hm56","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39727005"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39727005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161055810","display_name":"Abdullah Naeem","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010203620","display_name":"Usman Zia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-8939","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-8939","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-5207"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261637","display_name":"Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College","ror":"https://ror.org/05kyfde14","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261637"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Zia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261637"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158635258","display_name":"Yahye Ahmed Nor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1889-8618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1889-8618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801301251","display_name":"Somali National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03f3jde70","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154936","display_name":"Salaam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g7ez988","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154936"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahye Ahmed Nor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia","Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Salaam University, Mogadishu, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1889-8618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Salaam University, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"105","issue":"45","first_page":"e51448","last_page":"e51448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease","display_name":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-use-disorders","display_name":"substance use disorders","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comorbidity","display_name":"comorbidities","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-trends","display_name":"mortality trends","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-disparities","display_name":"geographic disparities","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonmetropolitan-counties","display_name":"nonmetropolitan counties","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-indian-and-alaska-native-populations","display_name":"American Indian and Alaska Native populations","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cdc-wonder","display_name":"CDC WONDER","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-causes-of-death","display_name":"multiple cause of death","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-adjusted-mortality","display_name":"age-adjusted mortality","score":0.5519999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9154000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776780178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199804","display_name":"COPD","level":2,"score":0.7404999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.6227999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992779976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546","display_name":"Pulmonary disease","level":2,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29374701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388","display_name":"Cause of death","level":3,"score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.43860000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987315675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773974","display_name":"Disease control","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991912374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q400711","display_name":"Substance use","level":2,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186079640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719602","display_name":"Prevalence","level":3,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020729460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1202197","display_name":"Place of death","level":3,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126451531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2852035","display_name":"Years of potential life lost","level":4,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777126965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880710","display_name":"Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System","level":3,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987552334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383126","display_name":"Chronic disease","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779874844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967281","display_name":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780664029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282120","display_name":"Disease burden","level":3,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002423","descriptor_name":"Cause of Death","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029424","descriptor_name":"Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029424","descriptor_name":"Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/md.0000000000051448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28966261","display_name":"Medicine","issn_l":"0025-7974","issn":["0025-7974","1536-5964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42994853","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42994853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/md.0000000000051448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000051448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28966261","display_name":"Medicine","issn_l":"0025-7974","issn":["0025-7974","1536-5964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1881540497","https://openalex.org/W1921516289","https://openalex.org/W2112131478","https://openalex.org/W2164234997","https://openalex.org/W2500753613","https://openalex.org/W2767540338","https://openalex.org/W2792088641","https://openalex.org/W2894975801","https://openalex.org/W2915365125","https://openalex.org/W2986171322","https://openalex.org/W3035786332","https://openalex.org/W3095401664","https://openalex.org/W3101944604","https://openalex.org/W3116259128","https://openalex.org/W3134361127","https://openalex.org/W4206011641","https://openalex.org/W4213165096","https://openalex.org/W4221074869","https://openalex.org/W4229009954","https://openalex.org/W4292707440","https://openalex.org/W4307223205","https://openalex.org/W4385253523","https://openalex.org/W4395080290","https://openalex.org/W4401503581","https://openalex.org/W4404144170","https://openalex.org/W4406164934","https://openalex.org/W4407081748","https://openalex.org/W4407317617","https://openalex.org/W4412555880","https://openalex.org/W4412883069","https://openalex.org/W4412929418"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213882686","https://openalex.org/W7164193356","https://openalex.org/W4407128816","https://openalex.org/W7214238384","https://openalex.org/W7163670153","https://openalex.org/W7168102403","https://openalex.org/W4415178248","https://openalex.org/W7127322665","https://openalex.org/W7203820658","https://openalex.org/W4415450246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chronic":[0],"obstructive":[1],"pulmonary":[2],"disease":[3],"(COPD)":[4],"and":[5,30,39,58,94,114,121,136,262,284,292],"substance":[6,279],"use":[7],"disorders":[8,155,230],"(SUDs)":[9],"frequently":[10],"coexist,":[11],"yet":[12],"national":[13],"mortality":[14,108,128,258],"patterns":[15,32],"involving":[16,259],"both":[17,98],"conditions":[18],"among":[19,41,79,194],"older":[20],"adults":[21,42,80,201,208],"remain":[22],"incompletely":[23],"characterized.":[24],"We":[25,46],"evaluated":[26],"temporal,":[27],"demographic,":[28,282],"geographic,":[29,283],"substance-specific":[31,235,285],"in":[33,84,100,167,171,176],"U.S.":[34],"death":[35,69],"records":[36,76],"co-listing":[37],"COPD":[38,86,261],"SUDs":[40,95,263],"aged":[43,81],"\u226565":[44,82],"years.":[45],"conducted":[47],"a":[48,150],"descriptive":[49,291],"serial":[50],"cross-sectional":[51],"analysis":[52,152],"of":[53,68,89,104,245],"Centers":[54],"for":[55,63,232],"Disease":[56],"Control":[57],"Prevention":[59],"Wide-ranging":[60],"Online":[61],"Data":[62],"Epidemiologic":[64],"Research":[65],"multiple":[66],"cause":[67],"data":[70],"from":[71,165],"1999":[72,168],"to":[73,146,169,255],"2020.":[74],"Eligible":[75],"included":[77],"deaths":[78],"years":[83],"which":[85],"(International":[87],"Classification":[88],"Diseases,":[90],"10th":[91],"revision":[92],"J41-J44)":[93],"(F10-F19)":[96],"were":[97,111],"recorded":[99],"the":[101,161,213,233,252,267],"Multiple":[102],"Cause":[103],"Death":[105],"fields.":[106],"Age-adjusted":[107],"rates":[109],"(AAMRs)":[110],"calculated":[112],"overall":[113,162,253],"by":[115,205],"sex,":[116],"race/ethnicity,":[117],"census":[118],"region,":[119],"urbanization,":[120],"state;":[122],"age-group":[123],"analyses":[124,142],"used":[125],"age-specific":[126],"crude":[127],"rates.":[129],"Joinpoint":[130],"regression":[131],"estimated":[132],"annual":[133,138,242],"percent":[134,139,243],"changes":[135],"average":[137,241],"changes.":[140],"Secondary":[141],"examined":[143],"individual":[144,278],"F10":[145,254],"F19":[147,256],"categories,":[148],"with":[149],"sensitivity":[151],"excluding":[153],"tobacco/nicotine-related":[154],"(F17).":[156],"Among":[157],"1,524,216":[158],"qualifying":[159],"deaths,":[160],"AAMR":[163,192],"increased":[164,264],"25.5/100,000":[166],"213.2":[170],"2020,":[172],"peaking":[173],"at":[174],"219.0":[175],"2017.":[177],"Males":[178],"had":[179,212,220],"higher":[180,221],"pooled":[181,190],"AAMRs":[182,222],"than":[183,223],"females":[184],"(216.98":[185],"vs":[186,227],"132.54).":[187],"The":[188,210],"highest":[189,214],"racial/ethnic":[191],"occurred":[193],"non-Hispanic":[195,206],"American":[196],"Indian":[197],"or":[198],"Alaska":[199],"Native":[200],"(191.99),":[202],"followed":[203],"closely":[204],"White":[207],"(188.68).":[209],"Midwest":[211],"regional":[215],"AAMR,":[216],"while":[217],"nonmetropolitan":[218],"counties":[219,225],"metropolitan":[224],"(232.82":[226],"152.03).":[228],"Tobacco/nicotine-related":[229],"accounted":[231],"predominant":[234],"burden.":[236],"Excluding":[237],"F17":[238],"yielded":[239],"an":[240],"change":[244],"2.19%":[246],"(95%":[247],"confidence":[248],"interval,":[249],"1.37-3.02).":[250],"In":[251],"analysis,":[257],"co-listed":[260],"markedly":[265],"during":[266],"earlier":[268],"study":[269],"period":[270],"before":[271],"stabilizing,":[272],"whereas":[273],"temporal":[274],"trajectories":[275],"differed":[276],"across":[277],"categories.":[280],"Substantial":[281],"heterogeneity":[286],"was":[287],"observed.":[288],"Findings":[289],"are":[290],"should":[293],"not":[294],"be":[295],"interpreted":[296],"causally.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}