{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225374197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","title":"Federated learning for IoMT-enabled predictive healthcare and remote patient monitoring: a systematic review","display_name":"Federated learning for IoMT-enabled predictive healthcare and remote patient monitoring: a systematic review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225374197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286688","display_name":"BMC Digital Health","issn_l":"2731-684X","issn":["2731-684X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159781431","display_name":"J Venkatesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3411-2264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3411-2264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkatesh J.","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3411-2264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153287484","display_name":"Viswanathan A","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4341-0936","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4341-0936"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Viswanathan A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4341-0936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5153287484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":{"value":2090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2090},"apc_paid":{"value":2090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63073171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"federated learning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-medical-things","display_name":"Internet of Medical Things","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-patient-monitoring","display_name":"remote patient monitoring","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-medicine","display_name":"predictive medicine","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-preserving-machine-learning","display_name":"privacy-preserving machine learning","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-aggregation","display_name":"secure aggregation","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"differential privacy","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"homomorphic encryption","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-multi-party-computation","display_name":"secure multi-party computation","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-federated-learning","display_name":"hierarchical federated learning","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-efficiency","display_name":"communication efficiency","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-iid-data","display_name":"non-IID data","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-heterogeneity","display_name":"heterogeneous devices","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-robustness","display_name":"adversarial robustness","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-federated-learning","display_name":"personalized federated learning","score":0.8389999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7134000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6226000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.48420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4722999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202645933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4930","display_name":"eHealth","level":3,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781050511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46994","display_name":"Telehealth","level":4,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779891985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46994","display_name":"Telemedicine","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780433410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276090","display_name":"Digital health","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286688","display_name":"BMC Digital Health","issn_l":"2731-684X","issn":["2731-684X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44247-026-00312-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286688","display_name":"BMC Digital Health","issn_l":"2731-684X","issn":["2731-684X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225374197.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225374197.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2586923239","https://openalex.org/W2783522756","https://openalex.org/W2897542649","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2954667857","https://openalex.org/W3012501605","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3037951940","https://openalex.org/W3044050394","https://openalex.org/W3046653923","https://openalex.org/W3081893436","https://openalex.org/W3122794187","https://openalex.org/W3126186914","https://openalex.org/W3182125009","https://openalex.org/W3193254256","https://openalex.org/W3197743383","https://openalex.org/W3200314112","https://openalex.org/W3215500742","https://openalex.org/W4205228770","https://openalex.org/W4206726406","https://openalex.org/W4211249696","https://openalex.org/W4280557042","https://openalex.org/W4308327397","https://openalex.org/W4309650792","https://openalex.org/W4310235714","https://openalex.org/W4317038528","https://openalex.org/W4320482408","https://openalex.org/W4322487000","https://openalex.org/W4376454763","https://openalex.org/W4387831781","https://openalex.org/W4388145633","https://openalex.org/W4389040864","https://openalex.org/W4390781042","https://openalex.org/W4391147969","https://openalex.org/W4392480530","https://openalex.org/W4401806714","https://openalex.org/W4403534158","https://openalex.org/W4403556956","https://openalex.org/W4405304626","https://openalex.org/W4405701133","https://openalex.org/W4406891751","https://openalex.org/W4409808980","https://openalex.org/W4409813021","https://openalex.org/W4410949726","https://openalex.org/W4411358730","https://openalex.org/W4411358859","https://openalex.org/W4411600825","https://openalex.org/W4412747939","https://openalex.org/W4412836760","https://openalex.org/W4412939704","https://openalex.org/W4412985346","https://openalex.org/W4414008399","https://openalex.org/W4415170540","https://openalex.org/W4415498921","https://openalex.org/W7118378298","https://openalex.org/W7124925523","https://openalex.org/W7128314361","https://openalex.org/W7130549488","https://openalex.org/W7134852109","https://openalex.org/W7143414165","https://openalex.org/W7150144539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313238647","https://openalex.org/W4416747855","https://openalex.org/W4416097260","https://openalex.org/W7121318593","https://openalex.org/W7217319562","https://openalex.org/W7130449677","https://openalex.org/W7161493423","https://openalex.org/W7220038883","https://openalex.org/W3164409896","https://openalex.org/W4377294193"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"The":[1,139,163,181],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,7,15,123,245],"the":[5,95,231],"Internet":[6],"Medical":[8],"Things":[9],"(IoMT)":[10],"has":[11],"enabled":[12],"continuous":[13],"monitoring":[14],"physiological":[16],"signals":[17],"and":[18,27,55,71,86,102,121,127,135,160,177,197,205,221,260,272,287,312,320],"data-driven":[19],"healthcare":[20,70,178,210,289,322],"services,":[21],"supporting":[22],"predictive":[23,69,237],"analytics,":[24],"personalized":[25,304],"treatment,":[26],"remote":[28,72],"patient":[29,39,73,194],"monitoring.":[30],"However,":[31,256],"conventional":[32],"centralized":[33,45],"machine":[34],"learning":[35,64,279],"approaches":[36,66],"require":[37],"sensitive":[38],"data":[40],"to":[41,167,247,284,316],"be":[42],"aggregated":[43],"on":[44,76],"servers,":[46],"raising":[47],"concerns":[48],"regarding":[49],"privacy,":[50,213],"security,":[51],"regulatory":[52],"compliance,":[53],"scalability,":[54,85],"communication":[56,83,175,203,242],"overhead.":[57],"This":[58,91],"systematic":[59,92],"review":[60,93],"critically":[61],"evaluates":[62],"federated":[63,299,305],"(FL)":[65],"for":[67,99,251],"IoMT-enabled":[68],"monitoring,":[74],"focusing":[75],"FL":[77,169,185,199,254],"architectures,":[78,170,300],"aggregation":[79,171],"strategies,":[80],"privacy-preserving":[81,227,288],"mechanisms,":[82,174,303],"efficiency,":[84],"practical":[87],"deployment":[88],"challenges.":[89],"Methods":[90],"followed":[94],"Preferred":[96],"Reporting":[97],"Items":[98],"Systematic":[100],"Reviews":[101],"Meta-Analyses":[103],"(PRISMA)":[104],"2020":[105,134],"guidelines.":[106],"Relevant":[107],"literature":[108],"was":[109,165],"collected":[110],"from":[111],"IEEE":[112],"Xplore,":[113],"ScienceDirect,":[114],"SpringerLink,":[115],"ACM":[116],"Digital":[117],"Library,":[118],"PubMed,":[119],"Scopus,":[120],"Web":[122],"Science.":[124],"Following":[125],"screening":[126],"eligibility":[128],"assessment,":[129],"69":[130],"studies":[131,141,235],"published":[132],"between":[133],"2026":[136],"were":[137,142,224,249],"included.":[138],"selected":[140],"evaluated":[143],"using":[144],"a":[145,281],"structured":[146],"quality":[147],"assessment":[148],"framework":[149],"covering":[150],"dataset":[151],"validity,":[152],"experimental":[153],"rigor,":[154],"reproducibility,":[155],"scalability":[156,207],"evaluation,":[157],"privacy":[158,302],"protection,":[159],"reporting":[161],"quality.":[162],"evidence":[164],"synthesized":[166],"compare":[168],"techniques,":[172],"security":[173],"performance,":[176],"applications.":[179],"Results":[180],"findings":[182],"indicate":[183],"that":[184],"enables":[186],"collaborative":[187],"model":[188],"training":[189],"without":[190],"directly":[191],"sharing":[192],"raw":[193],"data.":[195],"Hierarchical":[196],"edge-assisted":[198],"architectures":[200],"can":[201],"reduce":[202],"overhead":[204],"improve":[206,321],"in":[208,230,291],"distributed":[209,262],"environments.":[211],"Differential":[212],"secure":[214,218],"aggregation,":[215],"homomorphic":[216],"encryption,":[217],"multiparty":[219],"computation,":[220],"blockchain":[222],"integration":[223],"identified":[225],"as":[226],"mechanisms":[228],"used":[229],"reviewed":[232],"studies.":[233],"Many":[234],"reported":[236,250],"accuracies":[238],"exceeding":[239],"90%,":[240],"while":[241],"cost":[243],"reductions":[244],"up":[246],"45%":[248],"certain":[252],"hierarchical":[253],"deployments.":[255],"challenges":[257],"involving":[258],"non-independent":[259],"identically":[261],"(non-IID)":[263],"data,":[264],"device":[265],"heterogeneity,":[266],"limited":[267],"computational":[268],"resources,":[269],"real-time":[270],"adaptability,":[271],"adversarial":[273,310],"robustness":[274],"remain":[275],"unresolved.":[276],"Conclusion":[277],"Federated":[278],"represents":[280],"promising":[282],"approach":[283],"secure,":[285],"scalable,":[286],"analytics":[290],"IoMT":[292],"ecosystems.":[293],"Future":[294],"research":[295],"should":[296],"prioritize":[297],"adaptive":[298],"lightweight":[301],"learning,":[306],"robust":[307],"defenses":[308],"against":[309],"attacks,":[311],"large-scale":[313],"real-world":[314],"validation":[315],"support":[317],"clinical":[318],"adoption":[319],"outcomes.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}