{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225348603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","title":"Impact of social media-based health campaigns on knowledge, belief, and self-reported behavior during COVID-19","display_name":"Impact of social media-based health campaigns on knowledge, belief, and self-reported behavior during COVID-19","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225348603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73641-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73641-1_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160980799","display_name":"Zili Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zili Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051924650","display_name":"Aleksandra Kuzmanovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2484-6742","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2484-6742"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandra Kuzmanovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026801231","display_name":"Amyn A. Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4875-9916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4875-9916","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0915-6506"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amyn A. Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peter O\u2032Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peter O\u2032Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063635199","display_name":"Hannah Camille Melchinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3919-1871","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3919-1871"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Melchinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peter O\u2032Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peter O\u2032Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086374404","display_name":"Sarah Christie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-2856","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-2856"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Christie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160745630","display_name":"Giselle Miguens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giselle Miguens","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089528828","display_name":"Mohamed Gulaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5212-5414","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5212-5414"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Gulaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040800904","display_name":"Saad B. Omer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-3474","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-3474"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saad B. Omer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peter O\u2032Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peter O\u2032Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040800904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13979","display_name":"Communication and COVID-19 Impact","score":0.5547000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13979","display_name":"Communication and COVID-19 Impact","score":0.5547000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12027","display_name":"Social Media in Health Education","score":0.4262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12041","display_name":"Public Health Policies and Education","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-health-campaigns","display_name":"social media health campaigns","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-communication","display_name":"public health communication","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-promotion","display_name":"health promotion","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-retrieval","display_name":"memory retrieval","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-knowledge","display_name":"health knowledge","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-beliefs","display_name":"health beliefs","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-behavior-change","display_name":"health behavior change","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-stratified-analysis","display_name":"age-stratified analysis","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-media","display_name":"digital media","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic-communication","display_name":"pandemic communication","score":0.6370000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139002025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001212","display_name":"Lift (data mining)","level":2,"score":0.7224000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185618831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851928","display_name":"Health promotion","level":3,"score":0.6050999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14262774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880695","display_name":"Behavior change","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982795734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health information","level":3,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1602351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381370","display_name":"Health belief model","level":4,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78491826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045352","display_name":"Social determinants of health","level":3,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113807197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60894","display_name":"Health education","level":3,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777754422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081927","display_name":"Social marketing","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779494480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188728","display_name":"Information Dissemination","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983876825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9332","display_name":"Health behavior","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778080475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4353774","display_name":"Health communication","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131158328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307337","display_name":"Social influence","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020759390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880694","display_name":"Behaviour change","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73641-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-73641-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73641-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333249","display_name":"Pan American Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/008kev776"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225348603.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225348603.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2942530455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283325447","https://openalex.org/W4318168320","https://openalex.org/W3214538714","https://openalex.org/W3088196315","https://openalex.org/W4398211851","https://openalex.org/W4306659978","https://openalex.org/W4414434579","https://openalex.org/W3184999517","https://openalex.org/W4399527056","https://openalex.org/W3048095007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"media":[1,27],"has":[2],"emerged":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5],"vital":[6],"tool":[7],"for":[8,174],"timely,":[9],"global":[10,180],"dissemination":[11],"of":[12,34,71],"public":[13],"health":[14,28,165,177],"information.":[15],"From":[16],"2020":[17],"to":[18,53,185],"2022,":[19],"the":[20,32,85,124,183],"World":[21],"Health":[22],"Organization":[23],"ran":[24],"81":[25],"social":[26,163,187],"campaigns":[29,167],"on":[30],"COVID-19,":[31],"impact":[33,55],"which":[35],"were":[36],"assessed":[37],"using":[38],"Brand":[39],"Lift":[40],"Studies":[41],"from":[42],"Meta,":[43],"Inc.":[44],"We":[45],"conducted":[46],"two":[47],"meta-analyses,":[48],"age-stratified":[49,86],"and":[50,60,91,105,152,171,188],"gender-stratified":[51,125],"respectively,":[52],"assess":[54],"across":[56],"recall,":[57],"knowledge,":[58],"belief,":[59],"behavior":[61,112,153,189],"questions.":[62,158],"Overall,":[63],"we":[64],"observed":[65],"improved":[66],"lift":[67,93,118,138],"(i.e.":[68],"higher":[69],"proportions":[70],"individuals":[72],"giving":[73],"desired":[74],"answers":[75],"in":[76,81,141],"intervention":[77],"vs.":[78],"control":[79],"group)":[80],"both":[82],"models.":[83],"In":[84,123],"model,":[87,126],"there":[88],"was":[89,139],"positive":[90,137],"significant":[92,134],"among":[94],"recall":[95,128],"(3.0%,":[96],"95%":[97,102,108,120,130,144,149,155],"CI:":[98,103,109,121,131,145,150,156],"2.2\u20133.8%),":[99],"knowledge":[100,142],"(0.9%,":[101],"0.3\u20131.5)":[104],"belief":[106,147],"(0.4%,":[107],"0.1\u20130.8)":[110],"questions;":[111],"questions":[113],"showed":[114,133],"positive,":[115],"but":[116,136],"insignificant,":[117],"(0.1%,":[119,148],"-0.8\u20131.1).":[122],"only":[127],"(2.9%,":[129],"2.1\u20133.6)":[132],"lift,":[135],"seen":[140],"(0.7%,":[143],"-0.2\u20131.5),":[146],"-0.1\u20130.5),":[151],"(0.2%,":[154],"-0.1\u20130.4)":[157],"Our":[159],"results":[160],"suggest":[161],"that":[162],"media-based":[164],"promotion":[166],"may":[168],"be":[169],"efficient":[170],"effective":[172],"tools":[173],"sharing":[175],"urgent":[176],"information":[178],"with":[179,182],"audiences,":[181],"potential":[184],"drive":[186],"change":[190],"globally":[191],"during":[192],"future":[193],"pandemics.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
