{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225348388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","title":"Non-equilibrium plasma formation and electromagnetic-wave scattering in hypersonic transitional flow","display_name":"Non-equilibrium plasma formation and electromagnetic-wave scattering in hypersonic transitional flow","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225348388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.12223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E67BFEB4B6EB5E7DE5FCCF0B709EB820/S002211202612223Xa.pdf/div-class-title-non-equilibrium-plasma-formation-and-electromagnetic-wave-scattering-in-hypersonic-transitional-flow-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152000018","display_name":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","issn_l":"0022-1120","issn":["0022-1120","1469-7645","1750-6859"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E67BFEB4B6EB5E7DE5FCCF0B709EB820/S002211202612223Xa.pdf/div-class-title-non-equilibrium-plasma-formation-and-electromagnetic-wave-scattering-in-hypersonic-transitional-flow-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101556080","display_name":"Zhigang Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5321-7172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5321-7172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigang Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5321-7172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160939544","display_name":"Junzhe Cao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junzhe Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038382239","display_name":"Kun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-739X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-739X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-739X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038382239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1046","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11012","display_name":"Gas Dynamics and Kinetic Theory","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11012","display_name":"Gas Dynamics and Kinetic Theory","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10173","display_name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10781","display_name":"Low-Pressure Plasma Processing and Diagnostics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermochemical-nonequilibrium","display_name":"thermochemical nonequilibrium","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-generation","display_name":"plasma generation","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-scattering","display_name":"electromagnetic scattering","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-kinetic-fluid-model","display_name":"hybrid kinetic-fluid model","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-temperature","display_name":"electron temperature","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionization","display_name":"ionization","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiscale-transport","display_name":"multiscale transport","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-layer-cooling","display_name":"boundary layer cooling","score":0.5569999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122824865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830787","display_name":"Hypersonic speed","level":2,"score":0.8241000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165231844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160669","display_name":"Mach number","level":2,"score":0.6255999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.6205999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121838276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898463","display_name":"Knudsen number","level":2,"score":0.6158999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.534600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70477161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190688","display_name":"Shock wave","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198291218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190382","display_name":"Ionization","level":3,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168986899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756307","display_name":"Mean free path","level":3,"score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22175881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7201785","display_name":"Electron temperature","level":3,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165995430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q891653","display_name":"Boltzmann equation","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48939323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294879","display_name":"Wake","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198813307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3523908","display_name":"Hypersonic flight","level":3,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197482802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3523932","display_name":"Choked flow","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779146573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477639","display_name":"Thomson scattering","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146285849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327107","display_name":"Electron scattering","level":3,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9715774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651142","display_name":"Stagnation point","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135889238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276","display_name":"Kinetic energy","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780096971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654637","display_name":"Knudsen flow","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149773537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12969754","display_name":"Electromagnetic radiation","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E67BFEB4B6EB5E7DE5FCCF0B709EB820/S002211202612223Xa.pdf/div-class-title-non-equilibrium-plasma-formation-and-electromagnetic-wave-scattering-in-hypersonic-transitional-flow-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152000018","display_name":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","issn_l":"0022-1120","issn":["0022-1120","1469-7645","1750-6859"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.12223","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E67BFEB4B6EB5E7DE5FCCF0B709EB820/S002211202612223Xa.pdf/div-class-title-non-equilibrium-plasma-formation-and-electromagnetic-wave-scattering-in-hypersonic-transitional-flow-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152000018","display_name":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","issn_l":"0022-1120","issn":["0022-1120","1469-7645","1750-6859"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1383354819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16208324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6774801938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFA1004500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7267301212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92371107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225348388.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225348388.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70668290","https://openalex.org/W1973705435","https://openalex.org/W1977443398","https://openalex.org/W1994033612","https://openalex.org/W1995029255","https://openalex.org/W1997746329","https://openalex.org/W1999035106","https://openalex.org/W2040312842","https://openalex.org/W2069300549","https://openalex.org/W2077154434","https://openalex.org/W2127791935","https://openalex.org/W2516192721","https://openalex.org/W2604273602","https://openalex.org/W2886923229","https://openalex.org/W2923022528","https://openalex.org/W2976473709","https://openalex.org/W3164363773","https://openalex.org/W4379015374","https://openalex.org/W4389135088","https://openalex.org/W4392474219","https://openalex.org/W4392711458","https://openalex.org/W4404453323","https://openalex.org/W4405766607","https://openalex.org/W4408278538","https://openalex.org/W4415978501","https://openalex.org/W4416508780","https://openalex.org/W4416893056","https://openalex.org/W4416935914","https://openalex.org/W4417429935","https://openalex.org/W7162295612","https://openalex.org/W7163166566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166820990","https://openalex.org/W4417429935","https://openalex.org/W2429996873","https://openalex.org/W2070759674","https://openalex.org/W7011604076","https://openalex.org/W3164363773","https://openalex.org/W2335728799","https://openalex.org/W7099900574","https://openalex.org/W3112667747","https://openalex.org/W2105305557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hypersonic":[0],"flows":[1],"in":[2,156,163,198,222],"the":[3,43,54,57,64,99,104,108,115,118,146,153,157,164,184,190],"transitional":[4,224],"regime":[5,59],"exhibit":[6],"strong":[7],"thermochemical":[8],"non-equilibrium,":[9],"where":[10],"conventional":[11],"continuum":[12,58,185],"assumptions":[13],"fail.":[14],"This":[15],"paper":[16],"presents":[17],"a":[18,37,73,76,123,168,211],"hybrid":[19],"kinetic-fluid":[20],"framework":[21],"for":[22,82,98],"simulating":[23],"partially":[24],"ionised":[25],"argon":[26],"plasmas":[27],"under":[28],"such":[29],"conditions.":[30],"The":[31,173],"heavy-particle":[32,141],"component":[33],"is":[34],"governed":[35],"by":[36,63,107,177],"kinetic":[38],"equation":[39,79,97],"and":[40,85,160,219],"solved":[41],"using":[42],"unified":[44],"gas-kinetic":[45,186],"wave\u2013particle":[46],"(UGKWP)":[47],"method,":[48],"which":[49],"captures":[50],"flow":[51,127],"physics":[52],"from":[53,181],"rarefied":[55,165],"to":[56,122,202],"without":[60],"being":[61],"constrained":[62],"mean":[65],"free":[66],"path":[67],"scale.":[68],"Electrons":[69],"are":[70],"modelled":[71],"as":[72],"fluid":[74],"with":[75,93],"separate":[77],"temperature":[78],"that":[80,182],"accounts":[81],"elastic":[83],"collisions":[84],"ionisation":[86,144,199],"energy":[87],"loss.":[88],"An":[89],"electromagnetic-wave":[90],"solver,":[91],"coupled":[92],"an":[94],"auxiliary":[95],"differential":[96],"plasma":[100,217],"current":[101],"density,":[102],"evaluates":[103],"wave":[105],"scattering":[106,205],"plasma.":[109],"Validation":[110],"against":[111],"shock-tube":[112],"experiments":[113],"confirms":[114],"accuracy":[116],"of":[117,183,193],"present":[119],"algorithm.":[120],"Application":[121],"Mach":[124],"22":[125],"cylinder":[126],"at":[128],"Knudsen":[129],"number":[130],"0.05":[131],"reveals":[132],"three":[133],"notable":[134],"non-equilibrium":[135,149,161,215],"transport":[136,162],"effects":[137],"\u2013":[138],"elevated":[139],"near-wall":[140],"density":[142],"enhances":[143],"near":[145],"stagnation":[147],"point;":[148],"boundary-layer":[150],"cooling":[151],"lowers":[152],"electron-density":[154],"peak":[155],"shock":[158],"layer;":[159],"wake":[166],"yields":[167],"higher":[169],"downstream":[170],"electron":[171],"density.":[172],"thermal":[174],"structure":[175],"predicted":[176],"UGKWP":[178],"differs":[179],"significantly":[180],"scheme":[187],"(GKS),":[188],"underscoring":[189],"important":[191],"role":[192],"multiscale":[194,214],"methods.":[195],"These":[196],"differences":[197],"further":[200],"lead":[201],"distinct":[203],"electromagnetic":[204,220],"patterns.":[206],"Our":[207],"results":[208],"thus":[209],"establish":[210],"link":[212],"between":[213],"transport,":[216],"formation":[218],"blackout":[221],"hypersonic":[223],"flows.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
