{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225347665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313","title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for a Remote Mobile Telecommunication Station","display_name":"Multi-Objective Optimization of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for a Remote Mobile Telecommunication Station","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225347665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19215313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022109601","display_name":"Ilyes Louahem Msabah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-2635","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-2635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98962006","display_name":"University of Skikda","ror":"https://ror.org/02571vj15","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilyes Louahem M\u2019sabah","raw_affiliation_strings":["LGMM Laboratory, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955-Skikda, PB N\u00b0 26 Route Elhadaik, Skikda 21000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-2635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LGMM Laboratory, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955-Skikda, PB N\u00b0 26 Route Elhadaik, Skikda 21000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010469866","display_name":"Samia Benzahioul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-3355","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-3355"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98962006","display_name":"University of Skikda","ror":"https://ror.org/02571vj15","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samia Benzahioul","raw_affiliation_strings":["LGMM Laboratory, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955-Skikda, PB N\u00b0 26 Route Elhadaik, Skikda 21000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LGMM Laboratory, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955-Skikda, PB N\u00b0 26 Route Elhadaik, Skikda 21000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068891099","display_name":"Abderrezak Metatla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-7863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-7863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98962006","display_name":"University of Skikda","ror":"https://ror.org/02571vj15","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abderrezak Metatla","raw_affiliation_strings":["LGMM Laboratory, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955-Skikda, PB N\u00b0 26 Route Elhadaik, Skikda 21000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LGMM Laboratory, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955-Skikda, PB N\u00b0 26 Route Elhadaik, Skikda 21000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130999872","display_name":"Rakan Albarakati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1666-6996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1666-6996"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakan Albarakati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1666-6996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136086167","display_name":"Abdullah Alhjjaji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Alhjjaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105033188","display_name":"Hasan H. Hijji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9977-3000","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9977-3000"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan H. Hijji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9977-3000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103062044","display_name":"Bandar Alzahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0372-2901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0372-2901"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bandar Alzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering in Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu Al-Bahr 41911, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0372-2901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering in Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu Al-Bahr 41911, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109994979","display_name":"Nabil Talbi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98962006","display_name":"University of Skikda","ror":"https://ror.org/02571vj15","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabil Talbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials and Energy Engineering Laboratory (LMGE), Technology Department, Faculty of Technology, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955, Skikda 21000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials and Energy Engineering Laboratory (LMGE), Technology Department, Faculty of Technology, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955, Skikda 21000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037486471","display_name":"Mohamed Kezzar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-7696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-7696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98962006","display_name":"University of Skikda","ror":"https://ror.org/02571vj15","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Kezzar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Materials and Energy Engineering Laboratory (LMGE), Technology Department, Faculty of Technology, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955, Skikda 21000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Materials and Energy Engineering Laboratory (LMGE), Technology Department, Faculty of Technology, University of 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955, Skikda 21000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037486471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98962006"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"21","first_page":"5313","last_page":"5313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-renewable-energy-systems","display_name":"hybrid renewable energy systems","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/techno-economic-optimization","display_name":"techno-economic optimization","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicographic-optimization","display_name":"lexicographic optimization","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"particle swarm optimization","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-cost","display_name":"life cycle cost","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-continuity","display_name":"service continuity","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decarbonization","display_name":"decarbonization","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-cost-reduction","display_name":"battery cost reduction","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963375","display_name":"Diesel generator","level":3,"score":0.6536999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.525600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982719155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25584060","display_name":"Energy source","level":3,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143517461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571","display_name":"Renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454688","display_name":"Cost reduction","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187633118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1317949","display_name":"Economic dispatch","level":4,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777347956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362005","display_name":"Operating cost","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4311470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159719","display_name":"Power station","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19215313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19215313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":1.0,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.685699999332428,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324047","display_name":"Umm Al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W252976848","https://openalex.org/W414544266","https://openalex.org/W1176164761","https://openalex.org/W1969911362","https://openalex.org/W1978006490","https://openalex.org/W1983128903","https://openalex.org/W1994226661","https://openalex.org/W2010419524","https://openalex.org/W2021566567","https://openalex.org/W2041914981","https://openalex.org/W2044963328","https://openalex.org/W2068343818","https://openalex.org/W2119948512","https://openalex.org/W2173376237","https://openalex.org/W2183831353","https://openalex.org/W2343542346","https://openalex.org/W2481453975","https://openalex.org/W2735511814","https://openalex.org/W2738303913","https://openalex.org/W2738900493","https://openalex.org/W2742961367","https://openalex.org/W2770073247","https://openalex.org/W2789277521","https://openalex.org/W2793135326","https://openalex.org/W2807678590","https://openalex.org/W2894103147","https://openalex.org/W2936775779","https://openalex.org/W2944723521","https://openalex.org/W2963334768","https://openalex.org/W2963341564","https://openalex.org/W2974666883","https://openalex.org/W2975870383","https://openalex.org/W3004888653","https://openalex.org/W3012332709","https://openalex.org/W3022058959","https://openalex.org/W3035564357","https://openalex.org/W3086427656","https://openalex.org/W3092467456","https://openalex.org/W3195443834","https://openalex.org/W3212407405","https://openalex.org/W4200157925","https://openalex.org/W4220923103","https://openalex.org/W4225910711","https://openalex.org/W4280512323","https://openalex.org/W4281879163","https://openalex.org/W4283815321","https://openalex.org/W4288987427","https://openalex.org/W4309951252","https://openalex.org/W4317242982","https://openalex.org/W4393074899","https://openalex.org/W4410337656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2332789890","https://openalex.org/W1988327265","https://openalex.org/W2806602754","https://openalex.org/W3217506125","https://openalex.org/W4285280201","https://openalex.org/W1970994098","https://openalex.org/W2275532374","https://openalex.org/W7143537201","https://openalex.org/W2771629301","https://openalex.org/W4386012624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"renewable":[1,79,101,112],"energy":[2,12,37,80,113,129],"systems":[3],"(HRESs)":[4],"are":[5,103,145,240],"increasingly":[6],"used":[7],"because":[8],"they":[9],"integrate":[10],"diverse":[11],"resources":[13,102],"whose":[14],"availability":[15],"can":[16,42],"complement":[17],"one":[18],"another":[19],"over":[20],"the":[21,25,34,72,82,88,92,95,100,108,127,148,162,166,178,181,187,191,201,204,210,221,225,229,243],"day\u2013night":[22],"cycle.":[23],"However,":[24],"high":[26],"cost":[27,62,164,202],"of":[28,36,71,94,110,165,174,190,203,218,220,228],"system":[29,114,130,205,212],"components,":[30],"particularly":[31],"batteries,":[32],"and":[33,60,99,116,141,153,176,224],"dependence":[35],"generation":[38],"on":[39,78],"weather":[40],"conditions":[41],"undermine":[43],"their":[44],"economic":[45],"viability.":[46],"Researchers,":[47],"therefore,":[48],"seek":[49],"to":[50,54,121,160,180,184,186,213,235],"optimize":[51],"HRES":[52],"configurations":[53],"achieve":[55],"a":[56,118,122,154,171,197],"balance":[57],"between":[58],"reliability":[59,169],"lifecycle":[61,163],"by":[63],"performing":[64],"techno-economic":[65,135],"studies":[66],"using":[67,147],"different":[68],"techniques.":[69],"One":[70],"industries":[73],"that":[74],"started":[75],"relying":[76],"more":[77],"is":[81,97],"mobile":[83],"telecommunication":[84,124],"industry,":[85],"especially":[86],"in":[87,200,242],"remote":[89,123],"stations":[90],"where":[91,126],"expansion":[93],"grid":[96],"expensive":[98],"abundant.":[104],"This":[105],"study":[106,119],"introduces":[107],"scope":[109],"hybrid":[111],"optimization":[115,151],"applies":[117],"case":[120],"station":[125],"existing":[128,211],"was":[131],"installed":[132],"without":[133],"prior":[134],"assessment.":[136],"Using":[137],"mathematical":[138],"models,":[139],"single":[140],"multi-objective":[142],"(lexicographic)":[143],"optimizations":[144],"conducted":[146],"particle":[149],"swarm":[150],"algorithm":[152],"deterministic":[155],"exhaustive":[156],"search":[157],"numerical":[158],"algorithm,":[159],"minimize":[161],"system,":[167],"maintain":[168],"for":[170,209],"full":[172],"continuity":[173],"service,":[175],"reduce":[177],"dependency":[179],"diesel":[182,230],"generator":[183,231],"contribute":[185],"decarbonization":[188],"objective":[189],"world.":[192],"The":[193],"computational":[194],"results":[195],"show":[196],"significant":[198],"reduction":[199],"from":[206,232],"USD":[207,215],"525,512.83":[208],"approximately":[214],"197,879.03":[216],"(reduction":[217],"62.3%":[219],"actual":[222],"cost),":[223],"operating":[226],"hours":[227],"1401":[233],"h/year":[234],"770":[236],"h/year.":[237],"More":[238],"details":[239],"presented":[241],"Discussion":[244],"section.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
