{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225347336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","title":"Cognitive and gender bias in primary care spondyloarthritis diagnosis: case simulation-based research","display_name":"Cognitive and gender bias in primary care spondyloarthritis diagnosis: case simulation-based research","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225347336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153257185","display_name":"BMC Family Practice","issn_l":"1471-2296","issn":["1471-2296","2731-4553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Primary Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027430581","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Teresa Ruiz\u2010Cantero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-7866","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-7866"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154894","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica","ror":"https://ror.org/050q0kv47","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210115082","https://openalex.org/I4210154894","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154003","display_name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zmnkx60","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870","https://openalex.org/I130194489","https://openalex.org/I2802828525","https://openalex.org/I4210095330","https://openalex.org/I4210137674","https://openalex.org/I4387154003"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Teresa Ruiz-Cantero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain","Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Alicante, Spain","Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154894"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056028563","display_name":"Vega Jovan\u00ed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8529-4551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8529-4551"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137674","display_name":"Hospital General Universitario de Alicante Doctor Balmis","ror":"https://ror.org/02ybsz607","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154003","display_name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zmnkx60","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870","https://openalex.org/I130194489","https://openalex.org/I2802828525","https://openalex.org/I4210095330","https://openalex.org/I4210137674","https://openalex.org/I4387154003"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vega Jovani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain","Rheumatology Department. Dr. Balmis, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rheumatology Department. Dr. Balmis, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063469431","display_name":"Virtudes P\u00e9rez\u2010Jover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-0497","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-0497"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154003","display_name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zmnkx60","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870","https://openalex.org/I130194489","https://openalex.org/I2802828525","https://openalex.org/I4210095330","https://openalex.org/I4210137674","https://openalex.org/I4387154003"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virtudes P\u00e9rez-Jover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain","Health Psychology Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Psychology Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113832182","display_name":"Carlos J. van der Hofstadt Rom\u00e1n","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137674","display_name":"Hospital General Universitario de Alicante Doctor Balmis","ror":"https://ror.org/02ybsz607","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154003","display_name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante (ISABIAL)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zmnkx60","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870","https://openalex.org/I130194489","https://openalex.org/I2802828525","https://openalex.org/I4210095330","https://openalex.org/I4210137674","https://openalex.org/I4387154003"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos J. van-der Hofstadt Rom\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain","Clinical Health Psychology Unit. Dr. Balmis, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain","Health Psychology Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Health Psychology Unit. Dr. Balmis, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Psychology Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015772580","display_name":"Luc\u00eda Gallego Andr\u00e9s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3727-5932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3727-5932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc\u00eda Gallego Andr\u00e9s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086990272","display_name":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen G\u00f3mez Santana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801884048","display_name":"Government of Extremadura","ror":"https://ror.org/01df4mv68","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801884048"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen G\u00f3mez Santana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Azuaga Primary Health Care Centre. Extremadura Health Service, Azuaga, Badajoz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Azuaga Primary Health Care Centre. Extremadura Health Service, Azuaga, Badajoz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801884048"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160731702","display_name":"Mar\u00eda del Mar Rodr\u00edguez-Gimena","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122962","display_name":"Madrid Health Service","ror":"https://ror.org/023cbtv31","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122962","https://openalex.org/I4210139293"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda del Mar Rodr\u00edguez-Gimena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Buitrago de Lozoya Primary Health Care Centre. Madrid Health Service, Buitrago de Lozoya, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Buitrago de Lozoya Primary Health Care Centre. Madrid Health Service, Buitrago de Lozoya, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122962"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091748049","display_name":"Alberto Zamora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-0654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-0654"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251424209","display_name":"Universitat de Girona","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdxns91","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267146","display_name":"Consorci Corporaci\u00f3 de Salut del Maresme i la Selva","ror":"https://ror.org/01ct41160","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267146"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Zamora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maresme i la Selva Health Corporation, Girona, Spain","Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maresme i la Selva Health Corporation, Girona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160728867","display_name":"Lydia Salvador-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267827","display_name":"Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (Sacyl)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jg27733","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267827"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lydia Salvador-S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Primary Care Service. Castilla y Leon Regional Health Government, Valladolid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Primary Care Service. Castilla y Leon Regional Health Government, Valladolid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160728867"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267827"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.698199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.698199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11092","display_name":"Spondyloarthritis Studies and Treatments","score":0.29809999465942383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13252","display_name":"Sex and Gender in Healthcare","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spondyloarthritis","display_name":"spondyloarthritis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"gender bias","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-bias","display_name":"cognitive biases","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care-diagnosis","display_name":"primary care diagnosis","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-reasoning","display_name":"clinical reasoning","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anchoring-effect","display_name":"anchoring effect","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/availability-bias","display_name":"availability bias","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axial-spondyloarthritis","display_name":"axial spondyloarthritis","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-spondyloarthritis","display_name":"peripheral spondyloarthritis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences-in-diagnosis","display_name":"sex differences in diagnosis","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-decision-making","display_name":"diagnostic decision-making","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-simulation","display_name":"case simulation","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-back-pain","display_name":"low back pain","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammatory-markers","display_name":"inflammatory markers","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984752397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259956","display_name":"Primary care","level":2,"score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5913000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.5411999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189216375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127759","display_name":"Cognitive bias","level":3,"score":0.5293999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776213234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28867094","display_name":"Axial spondyloarthritis","level":4,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777831278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q540571","display_name":"Fibromyalgia","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163432668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623543","display_name":"Primary health care","level":3,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778640784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002","display_name":"Ankle","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837512","display_name":"Differential diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088113","display_name":"Chronic pain","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780907711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852163","display_name":"Low back pain","level":3,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776501849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5781808","display_name":"Back pain","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153257185","display_name":"BMC Family Practice","issn_l":"1471-2296","issn":["1471-2296","2731-4553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Primary Care","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03616-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153257185","display_name":"BMC Family Practice","issn_l":"1471-2296","issn":["1471-2296","2731-4553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Primary Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381300913","https://openalex.org/W2897155801","https://openalex.org/W2909557634","https://openalex.org/W2892492127","https://openalex.org/W6945636437","https://openalex.org/W4283705380","https://openalex.org/W3165115485","https://openalex.org/W2313414928","https://openalex.org/W4379523829","https://openalex.org/W2909186117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"primary":[1,326],"care":[2,327],"physicians":[3],"(PCPs)":[4],"cognitively":[5],"approach":[6,366],"the":[7,53,117,132,142,149,153,167,214,254],"diagnostic":[8,101,161,230,259,321,360],"process":[9],"of":[10,128,139,148,157,183,190,218,234],"spondyloarthritis":[11,324],"(SpA)":[12],"remains":[13],"poorly":[14],"documented.":[15],"This":[16,195],"study":[17,43],"aims":[18],"to":[19,187,203,208,271,310,342],"analyze":[20],"their":[21,97],"clinical":[22,98,118,334,368],"reasoning,":[23],"decision-making,":[24],"and":[25,28,35,74,82,100,110,113,135,346,362],"potential":[26,111],"cognitive":[27,112],"gender":[29,114,196],"biases":[30,340],"in":[31,125,136,192,200,213,229,325],"identifying":[32],"axial":[33],"(axSpA)":[34,73],"peripheral":[36],"(pSpA)":[37],"forms.":[38],"We":[39],"designed":[40],"a":[41,63,201,364],"qualitative":[42],"using":[44],"online":[45],"structured":[46],"electronic":[47],"questionnaire":[48],"with":[49,68,77,224,264,267,276],"46":[50],"PCPs":[51],"from":[52],"Spanish":[54],"National":[55],"Health":[56],"System.":[57],"Four":[58],"cases-based":[59],"simulations":[60],"were":[61,104,227,242],"presented:":[62],"male/female":[64],"patient":[65,158],"(1)":[66],"30-year-old":[67],"one-year":[69],"low":[70],"back":[71],"pain":[72,81,85,174],"(2)":[75],"25-year-old":[76],"three-month":[78],"left":[79,83],"knee":[80],"ankle":[84],"(pSpA).":[86],"Case":[87],"information":[88],"was":[89,122,175,198,285],"provided":[90],"sequentially.":[91],"Following":[92],"each":[93],"section,":[94],"participants":[95,130,150],"supported":[96],"reasoning":[99,162,260,322],"decisions.":[102],"Responses":[103],"analyzed":[105],"alongside":[106],"identified":[107,228],"differential":[108],"diagnoses":[109,297],"biases.":[115],"In":[116,145,170,256,282,295],"case":[119,134],"assessments,":[120],"axSpA":[121,171],"correctly":[123,151],"diagnosed":[124,152],"11":[126],"out":[127,138,182,189],"12":[129,184],"for":[131,141,323],"female":[133,172],"7":[137],"10":[140,191],"male":[143,193],"case.":[144],"contrast,":[146],"none":[147],"pSpA":[154,257,284],"cases,":[155,173,258],"regardless":[156],"sex.":[159,169],"Distinct":[160],"patterns":[163,262],"emerged":[164],"based":[165],"on":[166],"patient\u2019s":[168],"initially":[176,251],"interpreted":[177],"as":[178,288,303,312],"functional":[179],"by":[180,253,274,333,338],"6":[181],"participants,":[185],"compared":[186],"3":[188],"cases.":[194],"bias":[197,226],"reflected":[199],"tendency":[202],"attribute":[204],"young":[205],"women\u2019s":[206],"symptoms":[207],"psychological":[209],"or":[210,291,306,315],"nonspecific":[211],"causes,":[212],"clinicians\u2019":[215],"perceived":[216],"absence":[217],"overt":[219],"red":[220],"flags.":[221],"Patterns":[222],"consistent":[223,263],"anchoring":[225],"assessment,":[231],"including":[232],"persistence":[233],"initial":[235],"interpretations":[236,268],"even":[237],"after":[238],"objective":[239],"inflammatory":[240,293],"markers":[241],"reported,":[243],"despite":[244],"these":[245,350],"tests":[246],"often":[247],"not":[248,331],"having":[249],"been":[250],"requested":[252],"participants.":[255],"showed":[261],"availability":[265],"bias,":[266],"that":[269,320,356],"appeared":[270],"be":[272,329],"shaped":[273,330],"familiarity":[275],"sex":[277],"\u2014and":[278],"age\u2014":[279],"related":[280,341],"conditions.":[281],"women,":[283],"frequently":[286],"misclassified":[287],"juvenile":[289],"arthritis":[290,314],"vague":[292],"syndromes.":[294],"men,":[296],"emphasized":[298],"contextual":[299,347],"risk":[300],"factors":[301],"\u2014such":[302],"sexual":[304],"history":[305],"occupational":[307],"strain\u2014":[308],"leading":[309],"misclassification":[311],"reactive":[313],"mechanical":[316],"disorders.":[317],"Findings":[318],"indicate":[319],"may":[328],"only":[332],"evidence":[335],"but":[336],"also":[337],"implicit":[339],"patients\u2019":[343],"sex,":[344],"age":[345],"factors.":[348],"Addressing":[349],"influences":[351],"requires":[352],"targeted":[353],"educational":[354],"strategies":[355],"foster":[357],"reflective,":[358],"evidence-based":[359],"practices":[361],"integrate":[363],"gender-sensitive":[365],"into":[367],"judgment.":[369]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
