{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225347137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","title":"The Effect of Employing Jordanian Competencies in Saudi Universities on Protecting Them from Job Exploitation, with Work Motivations as a Mediating Variable","display_name":"The Effect of Employing Jordanian Competencies in Saudi Universities on Protecting Them from Job Exploitation, with Work Motivations as a Mediating Variable","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225347137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2026.23.153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","pdf_url":"https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2026/d125107-3574.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534980","display_name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS","issn_l":"1109-9526","issn":["1109-9526","2224-2899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320666","host_organization_name":"World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2026/d125107-3574.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090282024","display_name":"Akif Lutfi Al-Khasawneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-2055","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-2055","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6728-0446"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33926330","display_name":"Al-Balqa Applied University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qedmt22","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akif Lutfi Al-Khasawneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Financial and Administrative Sciences, AL-Balqa\u2019 Applied University, Al-Huson University College, JORDAN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6728-0446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Financial and Administrative Sciences, AL-Balqa\u2019 Applied University, Al-Huson University College, JORDAN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090282024"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"1970","last_page":"1970"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.7148000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.7148000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13560","display_name":"Socioeconomic Development in MENA","score":0.1054999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11779","display_name":"Higher Education and Employability","score":0.06109999865293503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-employment","display_name":"academic employment","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-motivation","display_name":"employee motivation","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediating-effect","display_name":"mediating effect","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-universities","display_name":"Saudi universities","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-employers","display_name":"private employers","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faculty-salaries","display_name":"faculty salaries","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-regulation","display_name":"higher education regulation","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-law-enforcement","display_name":"labor law enforcement","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-output","display_name":"research output","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780090960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194489","display_name":"Salary","level":2,"score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521751864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729207","display_name":"Christian ministry","level":2,"score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6018999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5637999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780319001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500754","display_name":"Work experience","level":3,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2718322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629463","display_name":"Job satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018541476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206740","display_name":"Work performance","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993872870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260732","display_name":"Work hours","level":3,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","pdf_url":"https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2026/d125107-3574.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534980","display_name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS","issn_l":"1109-9526","issn":["1109-9526","2224-2899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320666","host_organization_name":"World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2026.23.153","pdf_url":"https://wseas.com/journals/bae/2026/d125107-3574.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306534980","display_name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS","issn_l":"1109-9526","issn":["1109-9526","2224-2899"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320666","host_organization_name":"World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225347137.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225347137.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559415814","https://openalex.org/W1736209534","https://openalex.org/W1961325828","https://openalex.org/W1983695170","https://openalex.org/W1986267590","https://openalex.org/W2011897540","https://openalex.org/W2069898142","https://openalex.org/W2075661342","https://openalex.org/W2275413729","https://openalex.org/W2460688393","https://openalex.org/W2543393277","https://openalex.org/W2571684316","https://openalex.org/W2585544783","https://openalex.org/W2789385496","https://openalex.org/W2797440738","https://openalex.org/W2923797268","https://openalex.org/W2971440365","https://openalex.org/W3016199983","https://openalex.org/W3042335137","https://openalex.org/W3094165898","https://openalex.org/W3110901943","https://openalex.org/W3206653332","https://openalex.org/W4309587804","https://openalex.org/W4311525002","https://openalex.org/W4317549068","https://openalex.org/W4318817533","https://openalex.org/W4385839096","https://openalex.org/W4388029163","https://openalex.org/W6949760801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2901443515","https://openalex.org/W7030562717","https://openalex.org/W2891847900","https://openalex.org/W97847326","https://openalex.org/W4403615522","https://openalex.org/W4210382848","https://openalex.org/W2999586489","https://openalex.org/W3119427868","https://openalex.org/W4251582915","https://openalex.org/W3196201824"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47,90,134,158],"study":[1,48,135,159],"aimed":[2],"at":[3],"identifying":[4],"the":[5,12,28,37,68,74,94,162,168,180,193,212,217],"effect":[6,121,143],"of":[7,39,52,63,72,96,122,144,172,214,219],"employing":[8,123],"Jordanian":[9,53,97,124,148,184],"competencies":[10,54,98,125,149,185],"in":[11,27,55,99,112,126,150,186],"Saudi":[13,56,100,127,151],"universities":[14,57,101,128,152,163],"(as":[15,31,43],"an":[16],"independent":[17],"variable)":[18],"on":[19,129,153,167],"protecting":[20,130,154],"them":[21,103,131,155],"from":[22,104,132,156,190],"job":[23],"exploitation":[24,105,191],"by":[25,110,192,196,211],"employers":[26,111],"private":[29,194],"sector":[30,195],"a":[32,44,60,107,118,140],"dependent":[33],"variable),":[34],"and":[35,58,88,170,178,205,221],"with":[36],"presence":[38],"work":[40,145],"motivations":[41,146],"also":[42],"mediating":[45],"variable).":[46],"targeted":[49],"all":[50],"ranks":[51],"used":[59],"random":[61],"sample":[62],"(384)":[64],"respondents.":[65],"To":[66],"ensure":[67],"largest":[69],"possible":[70],"number":[71],"responses,":[73],"questionnaire":[75],"was":[76,117,139],"administered":[77],"to":[78,106,182,208],"(475)":[79],"respondents,":[80],"but":[81],"(389,":[82],"i.e.,":[83],"81.8%)":[84],"questionnaires":[85],"were":[86],"retrieved":[87],"analyzed.":[89],"results":[91],"indicated":[92],"that":[93,137,161,174],"employment":[95],"protected":[102],"high":[108],"degree":[109],"their":[113,176,187],"home":[114,188],"country.":[115],"There":[116],"statistically":[119,141],"significant":[120,142],"exploitation.":[133,157],"revealed":[136],"there":[138],"for":[147,200],"recommended":[160],"should":[164],"spend":[165],"more":[166],"preparation":[169],"publication":[171],"research":[173],"enhances":[175],"ranking,":[177],"stressed":[179],"need":[181,207],"protect":[183],"country":[189],"setting":[197],"salary":[198],"rates":[199],"academic":[201],"jobs.":[202],"Moreover,":[203],"regulations":[204],"laws":[206],"be":[209],"enforced":[210],"Ministry":[213,218],"Higher":[215],"Education,":[216],"Labor,":[220],"unions.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}