{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225345700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","title":"Prolonged Use of Computing Devices and Computer Vision Syndrome Among University Lecturers During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Prolonged Use of Computing Devices and Computer Vision Syndrome Among University Lecturers During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225345700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11230990/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11230990/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326436","display_name":"Jian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-0831","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-0831","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2116-6685","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1713-4964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Putra Malaysia (UPM)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Putra Malaysia (UPM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160945770","display_name":"Luqman Hakim M Jelani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luqman Hakim M Jelani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Putra Malaysia (UPM)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Putra Malaysia (UPM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077842298","display_name":"Irniza Binti Rasdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-0001","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-0001"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irniza Rasdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Putra Malaysia (UPM)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Putra Malaysia (UPM)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13866","display_name":"Occupational health in dentistry","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13585","display_name":"Technostress in Professional Settings","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision-syndrome","display_name":"computer vision syndrome","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prolonged-screen-use","display_name":"prolonged screen use","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-lecturers","display_name":"university lecturers","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-fatigue","display_name":"visual fatigue","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headache","display_name":"headache","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-affiliation","display_name":"university affiliation","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-hours","display_name":"working hours","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-health","display_name":"occupational health","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.7767000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6074000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776229289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5352191","display_name":"Technician","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017595490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17006263","display_name":"University hospital","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170964787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7611170","display_name":"Stepwise regression","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018260909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory analysis","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777155141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796207","display_name":"Eye examination","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11230990/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11230990/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11230990/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322780","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225345700.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225345700.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061935394","https://openalex.org/W2171364705","https://openalex.org/W2606938847","https://openalex.org/W2610345163","https://openalex.org/W2800705505","https://openalex.org/W2803480332","https://openalex.org/W2891619202","https://openalex.org/W3096733916","https://openalex.org/W3111022948","https://openalex.org/W3111177692","https://openalex.org/W3114888559","https://openalex.org/W3177636806","https://openalex.org/W4220944989","https://openalex.org/W4280612795","https://openalex.org/W4284959092","https://openalex.org/W4296260794","https://openalex.org/W4318716902","https://openalex.org/W4377138262","https://openalex.org/W4387865225","https://openalex.org/W4392288756","https://openalex.org/W4396763069","https://openalex.org/W4403876885","https://openalex.org/W4408243032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405219595","https://openalex.org/W4389672520","https://openalex.org/W4301965404","https://openalex.org/W4361281211","https://openalex.org/W4399020608","https://openalex.org/W4405693813","https://openalex.org/W7047857509","https://openalex.org/W4297175702","https://openalex.org/W7005327189","https://openalex.org/W4312200418"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objective":[1],"To":[2],"determine":[3],"the":[4,21,87,100,148,152,190,194,199,217,229,235],"prevalence":[5,110],"of":[6,103,111,163,183,239],"computer":[7,70,136],"vision":[8,71],"syndrome":[9,72],"(CVS)":[10,73],"and":[11,38,45,52,69,77,90,127,140,212,246,253],"its":[12],"associated":[13,144,250],"factors":[14,105,248],"among":[15,30,54,225],"university":[16,157,226],"lecturers":[17,32,176,227,262],"in":[18,147,257],"Malaysia":[19,36],"during":[20,210,228],"COVID-19":[22,230],"pandemic.":[23,231],"Methods":[24],"A":[25,48],"cross-sectional":[26],"study":[27,88],"was":[28,57,113,222,234],"conducted":[29],"174":[31],"from":[33],"Universiti":[34,39],"Putra":[35],"(UPM)":[37],"Teknologi":[40],"MARA":[41],"(UITM)":[42],"between":[43,86],"March":[44],"May":[46],"2021.":[47],"self-administered":[49],"questionnaire,":[50],"validated":[51],"pretested":[53],"40":[55],"respondents,":[56],"used":[58,82],"to":[59,83,98,106],"collect":[60],"data":[61],"on":[62],"sociodemographic":[63],"characteristics,":[64,66],"working":[65,67,132,208],"conditions,":[68],"symptoms.":[74],"Chi-square":[75],"tests":[76],"multivariable":[78,153],"logistic":[79,154],"regression":[80],"were":[81,95,121,143,249],"examine":[84,99],"associations":[85],"variables":[89],"CVS.":[91,107],"Exploratory":[92],"machine-learning":[93,192],"models":[94],"also":[96],"constructed":[97],"combined":[101],"contribution":[102],"these":[104],"Results":[108],"The":[109,116],"CVS":[112,146,164,184,221,240,252],"77.6%":[114],"(135/174).":[115],"most":[117],"frequently":[118],"reported":[119],"symptoms":[120],"eye":[122,128,138,141],"fatigue":[123],"(52.3%),":[124],"headache":[125],"(44.3%),":[126],"strain":[129],"(43.1%).":[130],"University,":[131],"hours,":[133],"seating":[134,213],"distance,":[135],"glasses,":[137],"examination,":[139],"lubrication":[142],"with":[145,174,186,206,251,267],"chi-square":[149],"analysis.":[150],"In":[151,189],"regression,":[155],"only":[156,236],"affiliation":[158,233],"remained":[159],"an":[160],"independent":[161,237],"predictor":[162,238],"(aOR":[165],"=":[166,172,204],"2.79,":[167],"95%":[168],"CI:":[169],"1.27\u20136.11,":[170],"p":[171],"0.010),":[173],"UITM":[175],"having":[177],"approximately":[178],"2.8":[179],"times":[180],"higher":[181],"odds":[182],"compared":[185],"UPM":[187],"lecturers.":[188],"exploratory":[191],"analysis,":[193],"random":[195],"forest":[196],"model":[197],"achieved":[198],"best":[200],"overall":[201],"performance":[202],"(AUC":[203],"0.70),":[205],"university,":[207],"hours":[209,266],"COVID-19,":[211],"distance":[214],"identified":[215],"as":[216],"leading":[218],"predictors.":[219],"Conclusion":[220],"highly":[223],"prevalent":[224],"University":[232],"after":[241],"adjustment":[242],"for":[243],"confounders.":[244],"Work-related":[245],"workstation-related":[247],"should":[254],"be":[255],"considered":[256],"occupational":[258],"health":[259],"interventions":[260],"targeting":[261],"who":[263],"work":[264],"long":[265],"computing":[268],"devices.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}