{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225344818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755","title":"Beyond the Microscale: Early Nanoscale Changes in Experimental Resin Composites Exposed to Acidic and Alkaline Environments","display_name":"Beyond the Microscale: Early Nanoscale Changes in Experimental Resin Composites Exposed to Acidic and Alkaline Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225344818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym18212755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068600734","display_name":"Farah M. Elfakhri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4210-1610","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4210-1610"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31439502","display_name":"University of Benghazi","ror":"https://ror.org/03fh7t044","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]}],"countries":["LY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Elfakhri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi P.O. Box 1308, Libya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4210-1610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi P.O. Box 1308, Libya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026662979","display_name":"Giles McCracken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-7417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-7417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giles McCracken","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4BW, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-7417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4BW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000333809","display_name":"Matthew J. German","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3910-6377","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3910-6377"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew German","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4BW, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3910-6377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4BW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041128418","display_name":"Rawan N. AlKahtani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8251-1489","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8251-1489"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rawan N. AlKahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8251-1489","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041128418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"2755","last_page":"2755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10113","display_name":"Dental materials and restorations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10113","display_name":"Dental materials and restorations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11958","display_name":"Dental Erosion and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10536","display_name":"Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkaline-exposure","display_name":"alkaline exposure","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-aging","display_name":"chemical aging","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filler-content","display_name":"filler content","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoscale-surface-roughness","display_name":"nanoscale surface roughness","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-s-modulus","display_name":"Young's modulus","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vickers-hardness","display_name":"Vickers hardness","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-degradation","display_name":"surface degradation","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filler-matrix-interface","display_name":"filler-matrix interface","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citric-acid","display_name":"citric acid","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-hydroxide","display_name":"sodium hydroxide","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phosphate-buffered-saline","display_name":"phosphate buffered saline","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-restorative-materials","display_name":"dental restorative materials","score":0.6309999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.751800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179428855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069216","display_name":"Microscale chemistry","level":2,"score":0.7253000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.6700999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.659600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45206210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415817","display_name":"Nanoscopic scale","level":2,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779032678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159683","display_name":"Citric acid","level":2,"score":0.5728999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.5278000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102769","display_name":"Sodium hydroxide","level":2,"score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133392424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223404","display_name":"Vickers hardness test","level":3,"score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778223994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905592","display_name":"Filler (materials)","level":2,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49326732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549892","display_name":"Nanoindentation","level":2,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196029304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091584","display_name":"Young's modulus","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43486711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192005","display_name":"Elastic modulus","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781098093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85787439","display_name":"Softening","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7055690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900639","display_name":"Dynamic mechanical analysis","level":3,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425597","display_name":"Hydroxide","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42698342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3236003","display_name":"Hardness","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102951782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49295","display_name":"Atomic force microscopy","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182508753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115605","display_name":"Tensile testing","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88380143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416674","display_name":"Dissolution","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537181965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658","display_name":"Sodium","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym18212755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym18212755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1911389245","https://openalex.org/W1987105262","https://openalex.org/W2024330451","https://openalex.org/W2041732411","https://openalex.org/W2049148437","https://openalex.org/W2132643646","https://openalex.org/W3089766544","https://openalex.org/W4211082975","https://openalex.org/W4214614162","https://openalex.org/W4220698454","https://openalex.org/W4229054592","https://openalex.org/W4281873396","https://openalex.org/W4285600308","https://openalex.org/W4286504290","https://openalex.org/W4297541933","https://openalex.org/W4299066744","https://openalex.org/W4310396726","https://openalex.org/W4321789395","https://openalex.org/W4366495752","https://openalex.org/W4389343086","https://openalex.org/W4394807041","https://openalex.org/W4400585318","https://openalex.org/W4401726479","https://openalex.org/W4403429531","https://openalex.org/W4404873838","https://openalex.org/W4405901163","https://openalex.org/W4409480014","https://openalex.org/W4410099696","https://openalex.org/W4411153125","https://openalex.org/W4413034468","https://openalex.org/W7125971353","https://openalex.org/W7134938328","https://openalex.org/W7155096390","https://openalex.org/W7204931661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401129917","https://openalex.org/W4366495752","https://openalex.org/W3005801484","https://openalex.org/W4299066744","https://openalex.org/W2013322938","https://openalex.org/W2020571929","https://openalex.org/W4403229228","https://openalex.org/W4361281549","https://openalex.org/W2883885158","https://openalex.org/W2026024676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,12,146,199],"effects":[4],"of":[5,17,191],"acidic,":[6],"neutral,":[7],"and":[8,14,41,78,95,131,196,206,222,239],"alkaline":[9,207,240],"environments":[10],"on":[11,29],"micro-":[13],"nanoscale":[15,92,223],"properties":[16],"experimental":[18],"BisGMA/TEGDMA":[19],"resin":[20],"composites":[21,27],"with":[22,34,121,158,167,251],"varied":[23],"filler":[24,37,117,159],"loading.":[25],"Experimental":[26],"based":[28],"BisGMA:TEGDMA":[30],"at":[31,46,145],"75:25":[32],"wt%":[33],"three":[35],"silica-glass":[36],"loadings":[38],"(75,":[39],"40,":[40],"0":[42],"wt%)":[43],"were":[44,72],"stored":[45],"37":[47],"\u00b0C":[48],"in":[49,171,201,212,219],"phosphate-buffered":[50],"saline":[51],"(PBS;":[52],"pH":[53,63],"7.2),":[54],"citric":[55,194],"acid":[56,195],"(pH":[57],"3.8),":[58],"or":[59,110],"sodium":[60],"hydroxide":[61],"(NaOH;":[62],"11)":[64],"for":[65,246],"up":[66],"to":[67,90,193],"28":[68,175],"days.":[69,176],"Microscale":[70],"changes":[71,168,218,249],"assessed":[73],"using":[74],"sorption,":[75],"Vickers":[76,111],"hardness,":[77],"scanning":[79],"electron":[80],"microscopy":[81,86],"(SEM),":[82],"while":[83],"atomic":[84],"force":[85],"(AFM)":[87],"was":[88,119,155],"used":[89],"evaluate":[91],"surface":[93,142,153,220],"roughness":[94,154],"Young\u2019s":[96,184,231],"modulus.":[97],"Storage":[98],"medium":[99],"did":[100],"not":[101],"significantly":[102],"affect":[103],"percentage":[104],"mass":[105,123],"increase":[106,124],"(p":[107,113],"=":[108,114,126,135,162,165],"0.092)":[109],"hardness":[112,133],"0.098).":[115],"Higher":[116],"loading":[118,160],"associated":[120,157,250],"lower":[122,183],"(\u03c1":[125,161],"\u22120.902,":[127],"p":[128,137,164],"<":[129,138],"0.001)":[130],"greater":[132],"(r":[134],"0.660,":[136],"0.0001).":[139],"SEM":[140],"revealed":[141],"degradation,":[143],"particularly":[144],"filler\u2013matrix":[147],"interface":[148],"following":[149,237],"NaOH":[150],"exposure.":[151],"Nanoscale":[152],"negatively":[156],"\u22120.368,":[163],"0.001),":[166],"observed":[169],"predominantly":[170],"unfilled":[172],"materials":[173],"after":[174,187],"AFM":[177],"measurements":[178],"demonstrated":[179],"a":[180],"shift":[181],"towards":[182],"modulus":[185,232],"values":[186],"only":[188],"one":[189],"day":[190],"exposure":[192,208],"NaOH,":[197],"whereas":[198],"reduction":[200],"PBS":[202],"occurred":[203],"later.":[204],"Acidic":[205],"produced":[209],"limited":[210],"alterations":[211],"conventional":[213,255],"microscale":[214,256],"measures":[215],"but":[216],"more":[217],"morphology":[221],"properties.":[224],"These":[225],"exploratory":[226],"findings":[227],"suggest":[228],"that":[229],"AFM-derived":[230],"may":[233],"detect":[234],"early":[235,248],"softening":[236],"acidic":[238],"exposure,":[241],"suggesting":[242],"its":[243],"potential":[244],"utility":[245],"characterizing":[247],"chemical":[252],"ageing":[253],"than":[254],"measurements.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}