{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225344209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","title":"Land degradation neutrality state and progress in the Central Region, Malawi","display_name":"Land degradation neutrality state and progress in the Central Region, Malawi","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225344209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986811","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13739120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0362061&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0362061&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081819425","display_name":"Kennedy Sones Nazombe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-1872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-1872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101907","display_name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/0188qm081","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kennedy Sones Nazombe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114272988","display_name":"Charles Bakolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3959-1551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3959-1551"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800088668","display_name":"Malawi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/027vmhf17","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800088668"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160028","display_name":"Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04d94aw40","country_code":"UG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160028"]}],"countries":["MW","UG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Bakolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development","Ndata School of Climate and Earth Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3959-1551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ndata School of Climate and Earth Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800088668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062926837","display_name":"Brighton Austin Chunga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5681-1537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5681-1537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18020613","display_name":"Mzuzu University","ror":"https://ror.org/008ej3804","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18020613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154877","display_name":"Stockholm Environment Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/051xgzg37","country_code":"SE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154877"]}],"countries":["MW","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brighton A. Chunga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mzuzu University","Stockholm Environment Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5681-1537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mzuzu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18020613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stockholm Environment Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062499574","display_name":"Principal Mdolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-6097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-6097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101907","display_name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/0188qm081","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Principal Mdolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160908844","display_name":"Jean Mtethiwa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101907","display_name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/0188qm081","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Mtethiwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120753931","display_name":"Rodrick Mlewa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6385-1681","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6385-1681"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101907","display_name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/0188qm081","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrick Mlewa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153992294","display_name":"Kennedy Adamson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6357-1642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6357-1642"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101907","display_name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/0188qm081","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kennedy Adamson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6357-1642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119492120","display_name":"Devie Chilonga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3317-5143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3317-5143"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101907","display_name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/0188qm081","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devie Chilonga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050026205","display_name":"Kelvin Chomanika","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160028","display_name":"Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04d94aw40","country_code":"UG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160028"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelvin Chomanika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081819425","https://openalex.org/A5114272988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800088668","https://openalex.org/I4210101907","https://openalex.org/I4210160028"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"e0362061","last_page":"e0362061"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.8241999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.8241999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.09449999779462814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13740","display_name":"Soil Science and Environmental Management","score":0.03970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-degradation-neutrality","display_name":"land degradation neutrality","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sdg-15-3-1","display_name":"SDG 15.3.1","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover-change","display_name":"land cover change","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-productivity","display_name":"land productivity","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-organic-carbon","display_name":"soil organic carbon","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-restoration","display_name":"land restoration","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-land-management","display_name":"sustainable land management","score":0.9559999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113052830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3497778","display_name":"Land degradation","level":3,"score":0.7993999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.5613999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33559203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183481","display_name":"Desertification","level":2,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559400886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001056","display_name":"Land management","level":3,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17206440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6484056","display_name":"Land development","level":3,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61661205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130322","display_name":"Land reclamation","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777341207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23583238","display_name":"Sustainable land management","level":4,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184603391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60738778","display_name":"Land-use planning","level":3,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993003885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260023","display_name":"Land area","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198428699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334780","display_name":"Environmental degradation","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.26460000872612}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076502","descriptor_name":"Sustainable Development","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002244","descriptor_name":"Carbon","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003247","descriptor_name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004784","descriptor_name":"Environmental Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008295","descriptor_name":"Malawi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012987","descriptor_name":"Soil","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0362061&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13739120","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13739120/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13739120/pdf/pone.0362061.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42986811","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0362061","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0362061&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.75}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225344209.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225344209.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W769322485","https://openalex.org/W2244275705","https://openalex.org/W2527245559","https://openalex.org/W2554988519","https://openalex.org/W2597065352","https://openalex.org/W2765368320","https://openalex.org/W2790572352","https://openalex.org/W2809417514","https://openalex.org/W2864012982","https://openalex.org/W2934650979","https://openalex.org/W3035192935","https://openalex.org/W3042333365","https://openalex.org/W3047225046","https://openalex.org/W3087538190","https://openalex.org/W3161847990","https://openalex.org/W4220943807","https://openalex.org/W4225004802","https://openalex.org/W4313398199","https://openalex.org/W4313419079","https://openalex.org/W4361191786","https://openalex.org/W4380867830","https://openalex.org/W4387460066","https://openalex.org/W4388743323","https://openalex.org/W4389289002","https://openalex.org/W4392295675","https://openalex.org/W4392510647","https://openalex.org/W4399984007","https://openalex.org/W4400745765","https://openalex.org/W4403143803","https://openalex.org/W4403848490","https://openalex.org/W4409239483","https://openalex.org/W4410845102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406113065","https://openalex.org/W4385764237","https://openalex.org/W4322770538","https://openalex.org/W3169884485","https://openalex.org/W4386820732","https://openalex.org/W3155704628","https://openalex.org/W4415711976","https://openalex.org/W7225180714","https://openalex.org/W4415419307","https://openalex.org/W3037294214"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Achieving":[0],"Land":[1,164,204],"Degradation":[2],"Neutrality":[3],"(LDN)":[4],"is":[5,36],"vital":[6],"for":[7,73,98,245,260],"the":[8,15,25,31,39,44,53,61,93,116,123,146,153,211,224,242,250],"long-term":[9],"sustainability":[10],"of":[11,17,28,33,109,152,226,253],"human":[12],"well-being":[13],"and":[14,83,160,200,229,238,266],"realisation":[16],"Sustainable":[18],"Development":[19],"Goal":[20],"(SDG)":[21],"15.3.1.":[22],"We":[23],"estimated":[24],"overall":[26,215],"indicator":[27,218],"SDG":[29,74,216],"15.3.1,":[30],"proportion":[32,108],"land":[34,41,79,81,111,128,137,154,176,227,263,271],"that":[35],"degraded":[37,110,166],"over":[38],"total":[40],"area":[42,129,138],"in":[43,56,92,115,122,197,249,274],"Central":[45,251],"Region,":[46],"Malawi,":[47],"from":[48,113,131,140,170,182],"2001":[49],"to":[50,65,120,133,142,172,184],"2022,":[51],"using":[52],"Trends.Earth":[54,94],"tool":[55],"QGIS.":[57],"The":[58,89,101,107,214,255],"study":[59,102,148,212,232],"applied":[60],"United":[62],"Nations":[63],"Convention":[64],"Combat":[66],"Desertification":[67],"(UNCCD)":[68],"Good":[69],"Practice":[70],"Guidance":[71],"methodology":[72],"Indicator":[75],"15.3.1":[76,217],"assessment,":[77],"integrating":[78],"cover,":[80],"productivity,":[82],"soil":[84],"organic":[85],"carbon":[86],"(SOC)":[87],"sub-indicators.":[88,100],"default":[90],"datasets":[91],"plugin":[95],"were":[96],"adopted":[97],"all":[99],"has":[103,233],"revealed":[104],"that:":[105],"(i)":[106],"increased":[112,181],"26.8%":[114],"baseline":[117],"period":[118,125,149],"(2001-2015)":[119],"41.2%":[121],"monitoring":[124],"(2016-2022).":[126],"Stable":[127],"decreased":[130],"62.2%":[132],"55.7%,":[134],"while":[135],"improved":[136],"declined":[139,169],"10.0%":[141],"2.0%.":[143],"Overall,":[144],"during":[145],"entire":[147],"(2001-2022),":[150],"27.1%":[151],"remained":[155,189,206],"degraded,":[156],"62.4%":[157],"was":[158],"stable,":[159],"9.4%":[161],"improved.":[162],"(ii)":[163],"with":[165,177],"productivity":[167,179],"significantly":[168],"74.5%":[171],"29.3%.":[173],"In":[174],"contrast,":[175],"stable":[178,191,208],"slightly":[180],"1.1%":[183],"1.9%.":[185],"(iii)":[186],"SOC":[187],"levels":[188],"largely":[190],"(>97%),":[192],"although":[193],"slight":[194],"losses":[195],"occurred":[196],"cropland,":[198],"grassland,":[199],"wetland":[201],"areas.":[202],"(iv)":[203],"cover":[205],"predominantly":[207],"(96.7%)":[209],"throughout":[210],"period.":[213],"indicates":[219],"continued":[220],"degradation":[221,272],"trends":[222],"exceeding":[223],"rate":[225],"recovery":[228],"restoration.":[230],"This":[231],"highlighted":[234],"key":[235],"spatial":[236],"patterns":[237],"identified":[239],"insights":[240],"into":[241],"priority":[243],"areas":[244],"targeted":[246],"LDN":[247],"interventions":[248],"Region":[252],"Malawi.":[254,275],"findings":[256],"provide":[257],"critical":[258],"evidence":[259],"guiding":[261],"sustainable":[262],"management":[264],"strategies":[265],"accelerating":[267],"progress":[268],"toward":[269],"achieving":[270],"neutrality":[273]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}