{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225339945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","title":"Knowledge, perceptions and dietary practices of iron-absorption modulation, and the prevalence of anaemia, among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Ogun State, Nigeria: an exploratory sequential mixed-methods study","display_name":"Knowledge, perceptions and dietary practices of iron-absorption modulation, and the prevalence of anaemia, among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Ogun State, Nigeria: an exploratory sequential mixed-methods study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225339945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11198272/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11198272/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113028335","display_name":"Omowunmi Modupe Awonuga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omowunmi M. Awonuga","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing Science, Idi-Aba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing Science, Idi-Aba","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000944892","display_name":"Dare Ademiluyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3154-3924","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3154-3924"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dare D. Ademiluyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Medicine and Medical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Medicine and Medical Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119446057","display_name":"Monsurat Bukola Bisiriyu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monsurat B. Bisiriyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing Sciences, Federal University of Medicine and Medical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing Sciences, Federal University of Medicine and Medical Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134843744","display_name":"Ayobami R. Ojo-Adalumo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6889-7322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6889-7322"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayobami R. Ojo-Adalumo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing Science, Idi-Aba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing Science, Idi-Aba","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117121665","display_name":"Victor Eniola OGUNDIRAN","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor E. Ogundiran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Agriculture"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Agriculture","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121621567","display_name":"Esther Danladi Olubiyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8048-5196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8048-5196"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110368","display_name":"Federal Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/026dr4n55","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110368"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117096","display_name":"Federal Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/029rx2040","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117096"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esther D. Olubiyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal Medical Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal Medical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110368","https://openalex.org/I4210117096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134823014","display_name":"Akinade Enoch Ogunniyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1961-3214","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1961-3214"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181631907","display_name":"University of Ibadan","ror":"https://ror.org/03wx2rr30","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akinade E. Ogunniyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Ibadan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Ibadan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160953857","display_name":"Joy Ejechi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110368","display_name":"Federal Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/026dr4n55","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110368"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117096","display_name":"Federal Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/029rx2040","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117096"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joy Ejechi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal Medical Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal Medical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110368","https://openalex.org/I4210117096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10452","display_name":"Iron Metabolism and Disorders","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10452","display_name":"Iron Metabolism and Disorders","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14495","display_name":"Public Health and Nutrition","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12873","display_name":"Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-deficiency-anemia","display_name":"iron deficiency anemia","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anemia-in-pregnancy","display_name":"anemia in pregnancy","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnant-women","display_name":"pregnant women","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eating-habits","display_name":"dietary habits","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-belief-model","display_name":"Health Belief Model","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ogun-state-nigeria","display_name":"Ogun State, Nigeria","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prenatal-care","display_name":"prenatal care","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-nutrition-education","display_name":"maternal nutrition education","score":0.4410000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8184000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020757330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836657","display_name":"Ogun state","level":3,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775887326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308829","display_name":"Prenatal care","level":3,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1602351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381370","display_name":"Health belief model","level":4,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777417653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1313081","display_name":"Iron deficiency","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984752397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259956","display_name":"Primary care","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11198272/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11198272/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11198272/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225339945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225339945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2263982879","https://openalex.org/W2792229965","https://openalex.org/W2941747284","https://openalex.org/W3000480527","https://openalex.org/W3043144427","https://openalex.org/W3047269802","https://openalex.org/W3086673566","https://openalex.org/W3145022136","https://openalex.org/W3159620942","https://openalex.org/W3197332483","https://openalex.org/W4210687889","https://openalex.org/W4285240544","https://openalex.org/W4322721542","https://openalex.org/W4323305699","https://openalex.org/W4327811472","https://openalex.org/W4366199968","https://openalex.org/W4385564344","https://openalex.org/W4385798789","https://openalex.org/W4386283935","https://openalex.org/W4390615407","https://openalex.org/W4402741348","https://openalex.org/W4410851869","https://openalex.org/W4416103555","https://openalex.org/W7117110244","https://openalex.org/W7117408346","https://openalex.org/W7125772029","https://openalex.org/W7126173361"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7124682566","https://openalex.org/W4380489900","https://openalex.org/W3136381773","https://openalex.org/W4392409898","https://openalex.org/W3197332483","https://openalex.org/W7200450010","https://openalex.org/W4396905019","https://openalex.org/W7133126242","https://openalex.org/W4287115152","https://openalex.org/W3035097041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Iron-deficiency":[2],"anaemia":[3,11,184,195,255,261,316,364],"(IDA)":[4],"remains":[5],"the":[6,57,70,134,169,268],"leading":[7],"nutritional":[8],"contributor":[9],"to":[10,129,175,254,339],"in":[12,20,29,80,106],"pregnancy":[13],"and":[14,35,60,69,108,113,149,155,168,183,196,230,362],"a":[15,26,39,121,190],"severe":[16],"public":[17],"health":[18],"problem":[19],"Nigeria.":[21,83],"Emerging":[22],"evidence":[23],"suggests":[24],"that":[25,209],"specific":[27],"gap":[28],"knowledge":[30,141,310],"of":[31,42,51,63,66,72,152,194,201,226,263],"dietary":[32,43,61,64,150,181,284,299],"iron-absorption":[33,153,202],"enhancers":[34,203],"inhibitors,":[36,205],"rather":[37,220],"than":[38,221],"general":[40],"lack":[41],"iron,":[44],"may":[45],"be":[46],"an":[47,217,242,260],"important,":[48],"modifiable":[49],"determinant":[50],"persistent":[52],"anaemia.":[53],"This":[54],"study":[55],"assessed":[56,140],"knowledge,":[58,179,234],"perceptions":[59],"practices":[62],"modulation":[65],"iron":[67,222],"absorption,":[68],"prevalence":[71,262,332],"anaemia,":[73],"among":[74],"pregnant":[75,98,131],"women":[76,99,132],"attending":[77],"antenatal":[78],"care":[79],"Ogun":[81,111],"State,":[82,112],"Methods":[84],"An":[85],"exploratory":[86],"sequential":[87],"mixed-methods":[88],"design":[89],"was":[90,159,246,256,267,279,294,312],"used.":[91],"Seventeen":[92],"in-depth":[93],"interviews":[94],"were":[95,173],"conducted":[96],"with":[97,283,298,315],"at":[100,133],"three":[101,136],"Primary":[102],"Health":[103],"Care":[104],"facilities":[105],"Ewekoro":[107],"Abeokuta":[109],"South,":[110],"analysed":[114],"using":[115],"reflexive":[116],"thematic":[117],"analysis;":[118],"findings":[119],"informed":[120],"structured,":[122],"interviewer-administered":[123],"questionnaire":[124,139],"subsequently":[125],"administered":[126],"by":[127,335],"census":[128],"258":[130],"same":[135],"facilities.":[137],"The":[138],"(43":[142],"items),":[143],"perception":[144,293],"(Health":[145],"Belief":[146],"Model":[147],"constructs)":[148],"practice":[151,182,266,285,300],"modulation,":[154],"capillary":[156],"haemoglobin":[157],"concentration":[158],"measured":[160],"for":[161],"each":[162],"respondent.":[163],"Spearman's":[164],"correlation,":[165],"chi-square":[166],"tests":[167],"Mann-Whitney":[170],"U":[171],"test":[172],"used":[174],"examine":[176],"associations":[177],"between":[178],"perception,":[180],"status.":[185],"Results":[186],"Qualitatively,":[187],"participants":[188],"held":[189],"fragmented,":[191],"experience-based":[192],"understanding":[193],"showed":[197],"minimal":[198],"spontaneous":[199],"awareness":[200],"or":[204,213],"alongside":[206],"contested":[207],"beliefs":[208],"avoiding":[210],"tea,":[211],"coffee":[212],"milk":[214,240],"protects":[215],"against":[216],"oversized":[218],"baby":[219],"malabsorption.":[223],"Quantitatively,":[224],"57.4%":[225],"respondents":[227],"had":[228],"moderate":[229],"20.9%":[231],"good":[232,273],"overall":[233],"yet":[235],"only":[236],"10.9%":[237],"correctly":[238],"identified":[239],"as":[241],"absorption":[243],"inhibitor.":[244],"Perception":[245],"predominantly":[247],"positive":[248],"(98.4%),":[249],"but":[250,308],"perceived":[251],"personal":[252],"susceptibility":[253],"low":[257],"(23.3%)":[258],"despite":[259],"68.2%.":[264],"Dietary":[265],"weakest":[269],"construct":[270],"(only":[271],"0.8%":[272],"practice;":[274],"mean":[275],"score":[276],"51.7%).":[277],"Knowledge":[278],"significantly,":[280,295],"negatively":[281],"correlated":[282,297],"(\u03c1":[286,301],"=":[287,290,302,305,319,326,329],"\u22120.218,":[288],"p":[289,304,321,328],"0.0004),":[291],"while":[292],"positively":[296],"0.159,":[303],"0.0107).":[306],"Dietary-practice":[307],"not":[309,341],"category,":[311],"significantly":[313],"associated":[314],"status":[317],"(\u03c7\u00b2":[318],"20.911,":[320],"<":[322],"0.001":[323],"versus":[324],"\u03c7\u00b2":[325],"5.05,":[327],"0.08).":[330],"Anaemia":[331],"varied":[333],"markedly":[334],"facility,":[336],"from":[337],"14.3%":[338],"44.8%":[340],"anaemic.":[342],"Conclusions":[343],"Antenatal":[344],"nutrition":[345],"counselling":[346],"should":[347],"move":[348],"beyond":[349],"generic":[350],"iron-rich":[351],"food":[352],"messaging":[353],"toward":[354],"explicit,":[355],"skills-based":[356],"food-pairing":[357],"guidance,":[358],"individualised":[359],"risk":[360],"communication,":[361],"facility-level":[363],"surveillance.":[365]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}