{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225338681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429","title":"Experimental Investigation of the Arching Effect and Joint Optimization of a Timber-Pile-Supported Mulberry Branch Bundle Arch Revetment","display_name":"Experimental Investigation of the Arching Effect and Joint Optimization of a Timber-Pile-Supported Mulberry Branch Bundle Arch Revetment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225338681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings16214429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160799325","display_name":"Yongfeng Guo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongtai Center, Yancheng Port and Shipping Development Center, Dongtai 224200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongtai Center, Yancheng Port and Shipping Development Center, Dongtai 224200, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160730276","display_name":"Xiaohui Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongtai Center, Yancheng Port and Shipping Development Center, Dongtai 224200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongtai Center, Yancheng Port and Shipping Development Center, Dongtai 224200, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160893703","display_name":"Yiqi Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118099","display_name":"China Design Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02mnaa826","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Design Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Design Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160831620","display_name":"Siyuan Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118099","display_name":"China Design Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02mnaa826","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Design Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Design Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352764","display_name":"Xinyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6130-7821","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6130-7821","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8974-4572","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2606-1608","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1526-0353","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1196-0052","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8264-716X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157719","display_name":"Yancheng Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8njc86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8264-716X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100506843","display_name":"Xiaojuan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3158-9028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3158-9028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157719","display_name":"Yancheng Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8njc86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojuan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3158-9028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160730276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"4429","last_page":"4429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.5317000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.5317000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.18539999425411224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.03610000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-arching","display_name":"soil arching","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-optimization","display_name":"joint optimization","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rise-to-span-ratio","display_name":"rise-to-span ratio","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timber-connections","display_name":"timber connections","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-transfer","display_name":"load transfer","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-force","display_name":"support force","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778618992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3742014","display_name":"Revetment","level":2,"score":0.8148999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11312509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12277","display_name":"Arch","level":2,"score":0.8116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.7275999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778134712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047307","display_name":"Bundle","level":2,"score":0.6406000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126950237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7964839","display_name":"Structural load","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777600705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048148","display_name":"Geotextile","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191339014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877060","display_name":"Design load","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992072480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158438","display_name":"Arch bridge","level":3,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146710177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154996","display_name":"Fiber bundle","level":3,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157892014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335297","display_name":"Pier","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings16214429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings16214429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1025144148","https://openalex.org/W1515184574","https://openalex.org/W1966116275","https://openalex.org/W2042417828","https://openalex.org/W2059339206","https://openalex.org/W2089186258","https://openalex.org/W2122757494","https://openalex.org/W2477098329","https://openalex.org/W2800418162","https://openalex.org/W2800634682","https://openalex.org/W2801258749","https://openalex.org/W2937495156","https://openalex.org/W2943815808","https://openalex.org/W2945604179","https://openalex.org/W2967437518","https://openalex.org/W3015415694","https://openalex.org/W3020815344","https://openalex.org/W3028064794","https://openalex.org/W3034985356","https://openalex.org/W3087137461","https://openalex.org/W3110556058","https://openalex.org/W4205411384","https://openalex.org/W4206018166","https://openalex.org/W4206603525","https://openalex.org/W4211153011","https://openalex.org/W4225148334","https://openalex.org/W4281476763","https://openalex.org/W4283756236","https://openalex.org/W4381417724","https://openalex.org/W4385185506","https://openalex.org/W4389072523","https://openalex.org/W4389345312","https://openalex.org/W4401498552","https://openalex.org/W4404852774","https://openalex.org/W7202216296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225665991","https://openalex.org/W2155507564","https://openalex.org/W2921428315","https://openalex.org/W2755854003","https://openalex.org/W597436877","https://openalex.org/W2968708498","https://openalex.org/W652731467","https://openalex.org/W3026522944","https://openalex.org/W2948860494","https://openalex.org/W2921454919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"rigid":[1],"revetments":[2],"provide":[3],"limited":[4],"ecological":[5],"functions,":[6],"while":[7],"flexible":[8],"biomass-based":[9],"systems":[10],"often":[11],"lack":[12],"adequate":[13],"load-bearing":[14,44],"stability.":[15],"This":[16],"study":[17],"developed":[18],"a":[19,109,129],"timber-pile-supported":[20],"mulberry":[21,83,102],"branch":[22,84,103],"bundle":[23,31,85,104,247],"arch":[24,86,105],"revetment":[25],"and":[26,35,43,56,62,66,149,161,180,193,207,217,251],"investigated":[27],"the":[28,63,73,81,90,95,99,153,172,198,209,224,231,236,243,255,259],"effects":[29],"of":[30,113,122,157,174,187,204,246],"arrangement,":[32,248],"joint":[33,136,249],"restraint,":[34],"rise-to-span":[36,57,202,252],"ratio":[37,58,253],"on":[38,254],"structural":[39],"deformation,":[40],"load":[41,112,166,195],"transfer,":[42],"performance.":[45],"Staged":[46],"model-box":[47],"loading":[48],"tests,":[49,52,55,98],"rise-direction":[50,96],"compression":[51,97],"joint-optimization":[53],"validation":[54],"tests":[59],"were":[60,70,214],"conducted,":[61],"support-transmitted":[64],"forces":[65],"equivalent":[67,181],"eccentric-compression":[68,182],"characteristics":[69],"analyzed.":[71],"Among":[72],"four":[74],"basic":[75],"configurations":[76],"tested":[77,233,260],"using":[78],"scaled":[79],"specimens,":[80],"horizontal":[82,92,155],"configuration":[87,106],"(HA)":[88],"exhibited":[89,128],"smallest":[91],"deformation.":[93],"In":[94],"combined":[100,135,244],"horizontal-vertical":[101],"(CA)":[107],"reached":[108],"mean":[110,164,211],"peak":[111,165,212],"5.384":[114],"kN,":[115,219],"which":[116],"was":[117],"12.0%":[118],"higher":[119],"than":[120],"that":[121],"HA":[123,127,158],"(4.807":[124],"kN),":[125],"whereas":[126],"more":[130],"stable":[131],"post-peak":[132],"response.":[133],"The":[134,177],"optimization":[137],"scheme,":[138],"comprising":[139],"solid":[140],"trapezoidal":[141],"timber":[142],"joints,":[143],"contact":[144],"surface":[145],"flattening,":[146],"geotextile":[147],"interfaces,":[148],"restraining":[150],"nails,":[151],"reduced":[152],"cumulative":[154],"displacement":[156],"by":[159,167],"14.3\u201316.7%":[160],"increased":[162],"its":[163],"26.96%,":[168],"without":[169],"separately":[170],"evaluating":[171],"contribution":[173],"each":[175],"modification.":[176],"support-force":[178],"measurements":[179],"analysis":[183],"provided":[184],"support-level":[185],"evidence":[186],"relatively":[188],"balanced":[189],"bilateral":[190],"compressive":[191],"support":[192],"arch-type":[194],"transfer":[196],"in":[197],"optimized":[199],"HA.":[200],"For":[201],"ratios":[203,234],"0.2,":[205],"0.3,":[206],"0.4,":[208],"corresponding":[210],"loads":[213],"4.487,":[215],"6.917,":[216],"2.260":[218],"respectively,":[220],"with":[221],"0.3":[222],"showing":[223],"most":[225],"favorable":[226],"overall":[227],"mechanical":[228,256],"response":[229,257],"among":[230],"three":[232],"under":[235,258],"present":[237],"experimental":[238],"conditions.":[239,261],"These":[240],"results":[241],"highlight":[242],"influence":[245],"configuration,":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}