{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225337808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","title":"An Evaluation of Methods Used by South African Law-enforcement Practitioners to Trace Commingled Proceeds of Crime: Informing the FIC's Objective Under Section 3(2)(aaA) of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act","display_name":"An Evaluation of Methods Used by South African Law-enforcement Practitioners to Trace Commingled Proceeds of Crime: Informing the FIC's Objective Under Section 3(2)(aaA) of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225337808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","pdf_url":"https://perjournal.co.za/article/download/28085/27476","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739045422","display_name":"Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad","issn_l":"1727-3781","issn":["1727-3781"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","scielo","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319941","host_organization_name":"North-West University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319941"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["North-West University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://perjournal.co.za/article/download/28085/27476","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160970860","display_name":"Helgardt Linde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-7344","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-7344"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helgardt Linde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Counter Terrorism and Crimes Against the State, Financial Intelligence Centre"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-7344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Counter Terrorism and Crimes Against the State, Financial Intelligence Centre","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055089567","display_name":"Danie Schutte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7283-247X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7283-247X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Petrus Schutte","raw_affiliation_strings":["North-West University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7283-247X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North-West University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160898064","display_name":"Jacqui-Lyn McIntyre","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacqui-Lyn McIntyre","raw_affiliation_strings":["North-West University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North-West University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3500,"currency":"ZAR","value_usd":190},"apc_paid":{"value":3500,"currency":"ZAR","value_usd":190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13271","display_name":"Ukrainian Legal and Forensic Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-evidence","display_name":"forensic evidence","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"money laundering","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorist-financing","display_name":"terrorist financing","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proliferation-financing","display_name":"proliferation financing","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset-forfeiture","display_name":"asset forfeiture","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6208000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5138000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780073145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663158","display_name":"Forensic accounting","level":3,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27219730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46952","display_name":"Organised crime","level":2,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776970286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247309","display_name":"Process tracing","level":3,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","pdf_url":"https://perjournal.co.za/article/download/28085/27476","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739045422","display_name":"Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad","issn_l":"1727-3781","issn":["1727-3781"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","scielo","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319941","host_organization_name":"North-West University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319941"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["North-West University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journals.assaf.org.za:article/28085","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://perjournal.co.za/article/view/28085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400485","display_name":"Potchefstroomse Electronic Law Journal (Academy of Science of South Africa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2802923894","host_organization_name":"Academy of Science of South Africa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802923894"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1727-3781","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11af13bdcfb44f2e9d10bf260ee51186","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11af13bdcfb44f2e9d10bf260ee51186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, Vol 29 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2026/v29i0a28085","pdf_url":"https://perjournal.co.za/article/download/28085/27476","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739045422","display_name":"Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad","issn_l":"1727-3781","issn":["1727-3781"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","scielo","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319941","host_organization_name":"North-West University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319941"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["North-West University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9200000166893005}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309622","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324956","display_name":"University of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/048cwvf49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225337808.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225337808.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157347171","https://openalex.org/W4387402966","https://openalex.org/W4391027337","https://openalex.org/W4402942272"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077389143","https://openalex.org/W301498364","https://openalex.org/W871360440","https://openalex.org/W3139391137","https://openalex.org/W2906002720","https://openalex.org/W4237619898","https://openalex.org/W7168751368","https://openalex.org/W3115941512","https://openalex.org/W3023655695","https://openalex.org/W2911937394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"International":[1],"anti-money":[2],"laundering":[3],"guidance":[4],"requires":[5],"countries":[6],"to":[7,53,80,222],"operationalise":[8],"measures":[9],"against":[10],"money":[11],"laundering,":[12],"terrorist":[13],"financing":[14],"and":[15,50,89,124,132,155,172,181,228],"proliferation":[16],"financing.":[17],"Section":[18],"3(2)(aaA)":[19,171,226],"of":[20,27,35,43,87,96,187,192,206,216],"the":[21,36,41,72,84,93,120,128,163,176,185,197,202,213,223],"Financial":[22,37],"Intelligence":[23,38],"Centre":[24,39],"Act":[25,190],"38":[26],"2001":[28],"(FIC":[29],"Act)":[30],"identifies,":[31],"as":[32],"an":[33],"objective":[34,168,227],"(FIC),":[40],"production":[42],"forensic":[44],"evidence":[45],"through":[46],"specialised":[47],"scientific":[48],"methods":[49,73],"techniques":[51],"relevant":[52],"financial":[54],"transaction":[55],"flows.":[56],"It":[57,218],"does":[58],"not":[59,140],"prescribe":[60],"a":[61,97,134,157,234],"tracing":[62,99,235],"method":[63,123,143],"for":[64,130,153,232],"other":[65],"law-enforcement":[66,78,210],"agencies.":[67],"Design/methodology/approach:":[68],"This":[69],"study":[70,205],"explores":[71],"used":[74],"by":[75],"South":[76,105,208],"African":[77,106,209],"practitioners":[79,102,211],"trace":[81,212],"or":[82,147],"investigate":[83],"commingled":[85,214],"proceeds":[86,215],"crime":[88],"their":[90],"views":[91],"on":[92,119],"potential":[94],"value":[95],"standardised":[98,135],"methodology.":[100,136,236],"Fourteen":[101],"from":[103],"four":[104],"agencies":[107],"were":[108],"interviewed.":[109],"Findings:":[110],"The":[111,137],"findings":[112,138],"indicate":[113],"variation":[114],"in":[115,165,179],"practice,":[116],"substantial":[117],"reliance":[118],"first-in,":[121],"first-out":[122],"unanimous":[125],"support":[126,175],"among":[127],"participants":[129],"developing":[131,154],"testing":[133],"do":[139],"establish":[141],"which":[142],"is":[144,201],"most":[145],"effective":[146],"legally":[148],"preferable.":[149],"They":[150],"identify":[151],"considerations":[152],"validating":[156,233],"context-sensitive":[158],"methodology":[159],"that":[160,173],"may":[161,174],"assist":[162],"FIC":[164],"pursuing":[166],"its":[167],"under":[169,184],"section":[170,225],"investigating":[177],"authorities":[178],"preservation":[180],"forfeiture":[182],"work":[183],"Prevention":[186],"Organised":[188],"Crime":[189],"121":[191],"1998":[193],"(POCA).":[194],"Originality/value:":[195],"To":[196],"authors'":[198],"knowledge,":[199],"this":[200],"first":[203],"empirical":[204],"how":[207],"crime.":[217],"links":[219],"practitioner":[220],"experience":[221],"FIC's":[224],"sets":[229],"out":[230],"steps":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
