{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225336346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","title":"Toward Ternary Computing Enabled by Origami-Inspired Modular Architectures","display_name":"Toward Ternary Computing Enabled by Origami-Inspired Modular Architectures","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225336346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-79187-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64187185","display_name":"Nature Communications","issn_l":"2041-1723","issn":["2041-1723"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-79187-0_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367712","display_name":"Xiaolei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2885-0504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2885-0504"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea","Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China","School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030031, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2885-0504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030031, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160959948","display_name":"Zihe Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055485428","display_name":"Haibo Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-7901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-7901"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-7901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066732115","display_name":"Peiyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6010-6427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6010-6427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6010-6427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687095","display_name":"Sheng Li Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-9274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-9274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-9274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084771702","display_name":"Jinkyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1547-0219","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1547-0219"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinkyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1547-0219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055485428","https://openalex.org/A5084771702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":6990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":6990},"apc_paid":{"value":6990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":6990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.03959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11870","display_name":"Structural Analysis and Optimization","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-computing","display_name":"mechanical computation","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-valued-logic","display_name":"ternary logic","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kresling-origami","display_name":"Kresling origami","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gates","display_name":"logic gates","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/many-valued-logic","display_name":"many-valued logic","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamaterials","display_name":"metamaterials","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-programming","display_name":"response programming","score":0.5360000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.8235999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64452783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524945","display_name":"Ternary operation","level":2,"score":0.6668999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6592000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6348999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23375383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176499","display_name":"Unconventional computing","level":2,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162454741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173359","display_name":"Logic family","level":4,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777614354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55648394","display_name":"Modular construction","level":3,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171912257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11019","display_name":"Mechanical system","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10418432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560370","display_name":"AND gate","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192979234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176890","display_name":"Natural computing","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140073362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738759","display_name":"Soft computing","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-79187-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64187185","display_name":"Nature Communications","issn_l":"2041-1723","issn":["2041-1723"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79187-0","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-79187-0_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64187185","display_name":"Nature Communications","issn_l":"2041-1723","issn":["2041-1723"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225336346.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225336346.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3087615154","https://openalex.org/W4406678839","https://openalex.org/W4412488142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399756555","https://openalex.org/W4412488142","https://openalex.org/W4416668017","https://openalex.org/W4416410797","https://openalex.org/W4387866487","https://openalex.org/W4379662557","https://openalex.org/W4320727052","https://openalex.org/W4400033877","https://openalex.org/W7128907401","https://openalex.org/W7151512546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Modern":[1],"mechanical":[2,59,101,153],"computing,":[3],"being":[4],"envisioned":[5],"as":[6,74],"a":[7,143],"pathway":[8],"toward":[9],"structure-":[10],"and":[11,19,57,110,114,119,124,145],"material-level":[12],"processing,":[13],"holds":[14],"potential":[15],"for":[16,77],"intelligent":[17],"metamaterials":[18],"robotics":[20],"in":[21,116,126],"extreme":[22],"environments.":[23],"However,":[24],"current":[25],"computing":[26,154],"architectures":[27],"remain":[28],"constrained":[29],"by":[30],"binary":[31,56,118],"paradigms.":[32],"Here,":[33],"we":[34,103],"introduce":[35],"an":[36,50],"origami-inspired":[37],"modular":[38,111],"architecture":[39],"that":[40,148],"encodes":[41],"logical":[42],"mappings":[43],"into":[44],"its":[45,138],"inherent":[46],"kinematic":[47],"responses":[48],"under":[49],"input-output":[51],"decoupled":[52],"paradigm,":[53,64],"enabling":[54],"both":[55,117],"ternary":[58,120],"computing.":[60],"Within":[61],"this":[62,100],"emerging":[63],"the":[65],"multi-stable":[66],"states":[67,86],"of":[68],"two":[69],"Kresling":[70],"origami":[71],"configurations":[72],"serve":[73],"physical":[75,134],"carriers":[76],"generating":[78],"discrete":[79],"signals,":[80],"while":[81],"torsional":[82],"transitions":[83],"among":[84],"these":[85],"ensure":[87],"signal":[88],"switching,":[89],"supporting":[90],"operations":[91],"from":[92],"logic":[93,108,129],"gates":[94,109],"to":[95,151],"advanced":[96],"arithmetic.":[97],"Based":[98],"on":[99],"architecture,":[102],"systematically":[104],"demonstrate":[105],"seven":[106],"common":[107],"arithmetic":[112],"half-":[113],"full-adders":[115],"systems,":[121],"revealing":[122],"challenges":[123],"opportunities":[125],"advancing":[127],"multi-valued":[128],"through":[130],"comparative":[131],"analysis.":[132],"The":[133],"platform,":[135],"along":[136],"with":[137],"accompanying":[139],"response-programming":[140],"strategy,":[141],"represents":[142],"simplified":[144],"generalized":[146],"paradigm":[147],"supports":[149],"migration":[150],"higher-level":[152],"mechanisms.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
