{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225335455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","title":"Estimation of fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in treatment effects in a large cluster-randomized trial","display_name":"Estimation of fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in treatment effects in a large cluster-randomized trial","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225335455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/11/05/2026.11.03.26367216.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/11/05/2026.11.03.26367216.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022567100","display_name":"Ariktha Srivathsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-1757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-1757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ariktha Srivathsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-1757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147213722","display_name":"Mia A. Navarro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8464-3908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8464-3908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mia A Navarro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8464-3908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006338001","display_name":"Ahmed Mamane Arzika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7022-282X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7022-282X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M. Arzika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106512987","display_name":"Amza Abdou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amza Abdou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Programe Nationale de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programe Nationale de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058005277","display_name":"Ramatou Maliki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramatou Maliki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128778253","display_name":"Almou Ibrahim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Almou Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Programme National de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programme National de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093269055","display_name":"Diallo Beidi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diallo Beidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche et Interventions Sant\u00e9 Publique;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions Sant\u00e9 Publique;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093504783","display_name":"Nasser Galo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasser Galo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093504784","display_name":"Nasser Harouna","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasser Harouna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093269052","display_name":"Alio M Karamba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alio M Karamba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093504785","display_name":"Moustapha Abarchi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moustapha Abarchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069326202","display_name":"Brittany Peterson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brittany Peterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012841874","display_name":"Pearl Anne Ante-Testard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3416-0817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3416-0817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pearl Anne Ante-Testard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3416-0817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038025520","display_name":"Elodie Lebas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-7155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-7155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elodie Lebas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069369290","display_name":"Travis C. Porco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-3171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-3171"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Travis C Porco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018777562","display_name":"Marc Lipsitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-9213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-9213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Lipsitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-9213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102766640","display_name":"Kieran Sunanda O\u2019Brien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-5321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-5321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kieran S O'Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-5321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080095497","display_name":"Thomas M. Lietman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8216-0240","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8216-0240"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. Lietman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008209846","display_name":"Benjamin F. Arnold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6105-7295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6105-7295","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin F Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6105-7295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022567100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.5121999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.5121999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.17020000517368317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.03229999914765358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"spatial heterogeneity","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-heterogeneity","display_name":"treatment effect heterogeneity","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-mortality","display_name":"child mortality","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-surveillance","display_name":"mortality surveillance","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care","display_name":"primary care","score":0.3269999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165399","display_name":"Azithromycin","level":3,"score":0.703499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.5928000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.5110999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987370644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7836903","display_name":"Treatment effect","level":2,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73269764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954529","display_name":"Poisson regression","level":3,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89337504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4828276","display_name":"Average treatment effect","level":3,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42600057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915096","display_name":"Survival function","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168743327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1826427","display_name":"Random effects model","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/11/05/2026.11.03.26367216.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.03.26367216","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/11/05/2026.11.03.26367216.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9789000153541565,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.4074000120162964,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307765","display_name":"Pfizer","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdqrp08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225335455.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225335455.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556552045","https://openalex.org/W1743110662","https://openalex.org/W1975499742","https://openalex.org/W2020187870","https://openalex.org/W2033558409","https://openalex.org/W2104011674","https://openalex.org/W2130761473","https://openalex.org/W2140745789","https://openalex.org/W2167401134","https://openalex.org/W2468993372","https://openalex.org/W2607754171","https://openalex.org/W2758561236","https://openalex.org/W2760027174","https://openalex.org/W2790955711","https://openalex.org/W2801239041","https://openalex.org/W2889453710","https://openalex.org/W2907115580","https://openalex.org/W2911381139","https://openalex.org/W2912062271","https://openalex.org/W2939122004","https://openalex.org/W2940328124","https://openalex.org/W2958525757","https://openalex.org/W2979985860","https://openalex.org/W3036324264","https://openalex.org/W3087648376","https://openalex.org/W3087696595","https://openalex.org/W3205039344","https://openalex.org/W4295942248","https://openalex.org/W4389781615","https://openalex.org/W4391531051","https://openalex.org/W4393046731","https://openalex.org/W4401780433","https://openalex.org/W4403827258","https://openalex.org/W4408946404","https://openalex.org/W4411868801","https://openalex.org/W4413071702","https://openalex.org/W4416419268","https://openalex.org/W7126102439","https://openalex.org/W7140184727","https://openalex.org/W7154702050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197798839","https://openalex.org/W7126102439","https://openalex.org/W4389781615","https://openalex.org/W3157668684","https://openalex.org/W3036324264","https://openalex.org/W6920506401","https://openalex.org/W4413071702","https://openalex.org/W4388705776","https://openalex.org/W2912062271","https://openalex.org/W4412161446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Treatment":[0],"effects":[1,69,146,176],"in":[2,41,96,104,124,165,177,188,195],"randomized":[3],"trials":[4,180],"may":[5],"vary":[6],"geographically,":[7],"and":[8,66,84,181,190],"estimating":[9],"this":[10],"variation":[11],"is":[12,135],"a":[13,23,28,108,148],"broadly":[14],"generalizable":[15],"problem":[16],"for":[17,137],"large-scale,":[18],"cluster-randomized":[19,179],"trials.":[20],"We":[21,45],"conducted":[22],"secondary":[24],"analysis":[25,169],"of":[26,32,51,112,150,162,192],"AVENIR,":[27],"cluster-randomized,":[29],"placebo-controlled":[30],"trial":[31],"biannual":[33],"azithromycin":[34,53,193],"distribution":[35,54,194],"among":[36],"children":[37],"aged":[38],"1-59":[39],"months":[40],"Dosso,":[42],"Niger":[43],"(2020-2023).":[44],"assessed":[46],"whether":[47],"the":[48,78,85,97,105,163],"survival":[49],"benefit":[50,101],"mass":[52],"varied":[55],"geographically":[56],"using":[57],"Poisson":[58],"models":[59],"to":[60,114,172],"estimate":[61,173],"spatially":[62,143],"continuous":[63],"child":[64],"mortality":[65,80,125,139,151,156,189],"average":[67],"treatment":[68,100,145,166,175],"(ATE).":[70],"Among":[71],"1390":[72],"villages":[73],"(276,452":[74],"person-years;":[75],"3635":[76],"deaths),":[77],"overall":[79],"rate":[81,152],"was":[82,87,94,102],"13.1":[83],"ATE":[86],"-2.6":[88],"deaths":[89],"per":[90],"1000":[91],"person-years.":[92],"Mortality":[93],"highest":[95],"south,":[98],"whereas":[99],"concentrated":[103],"southeast,":[106],"following":[107],"northwest-southeast":[109],"gradient.":[110],"Aggregation":[111],"data":[113],"160":[115],"primary":[116],"health":[117,132],"catchment":[118,133],"areas":[119],"preserved":[120],"broad":[121,138],"spatial":[122,186],"patterns":[123],"but":[126,159],"attenuated":[127],"local":[128],"heterogeneity,":[129],"suggesting":[130],"that":[131,154],"monitoring":[134],"sufficient":[136],"surveillance.":[140],"Examining":[141],"unit-level,":[142],"predicted":[144],"as":[147],"function":[149],"demonstrated":[153],"underlying":[155],"captured":[157],"much,":[158],"not":[160],"all,":[161],"heterogeneity":[164,187],"effects.":[167],"The":[168],"demonstrates":[170],"how":[171],"localized":[174],"large":[178],"provides":[182],"new":[183],"insights":[184],"into":[185],"benefits":[191],"Niger.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
