{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225335063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491","title":"Smoke Evolution and Evacuation Dynamics in an Underground Powerhouse: Fire Safety Margin Evaluation Coupled with Sprinkler Intervention and Exit Blockage","display_name":"Smoke Evolution and Evacuation Dynamics in an Underground Powerhouse: Fire Safety Margin Evaluation Coupled with Sprinkler Intervention and Exit Blockage","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225335063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100337001","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8181-0886","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8181-0886","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9612-0882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120238","display_name":"PowerChina (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/01varr368","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120238"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi\u2019an 710100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112646107","display_name":"Yilin Sun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120238","display_name":"PowerChina (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/01varr368","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120238"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Lin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi\u2019an 710100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100750988","display_name":"Yaqing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-5139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-5139"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120238","display_name":"PowerChina (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/01varr368","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120238"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun-Feng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi\u2019an 710100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108053658","display_name":"Qiuhong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3694-9037","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3694-9037"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiu-Hong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764754","display_name":"He Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1503-6076","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1503-6076","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-0371"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021212037","display_name":"\u6bdb\u6587\u54f2","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Zhe Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160884052","display_name":"Yi-Fan Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Fan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108053658","https://openalex.org/A5112646107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210120238"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"491","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12102","display_name":"Fire effects on concrete materials","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pumped-storage-power-plant","display_name":"pumped storage power station","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupant-evacuation","display_name":"occupant evacuation","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke-visibility","display_name":"smoke visibility","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/available-safe-egress-time","display_name":"available safe egress time","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/required-safe-egress-time","display_name":"required safe egress time","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-release-rate","display_name":"heat release rate","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-density","display_name":"crowd density","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-based-fire-design","display_name":"performance-based fire design","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrosim","display_name":"PyroSim","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathfinder","display_name":"Pathfinder","score":0.9929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.6801999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.619700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5666000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989191132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2997557","display_name":"Fire safety","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778940482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144753","display_name":"Pathfinder","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005401765","https://openalex.org/W2029812511","https://openalex.org/W2070389212","https://openalex.org/W2074322041","https://openalex.org/W2086636671","https://openalex.org/W3134148157","https://openalex.org/W3211405254","https://openalex.org/W4214715604","https://openalex.org/W4383370326","https://openalex.org/W4385786395","https://openalex.org/W4386614124","https://openalex.org/W4387025913","https://openalex.org/W4391958738","https://openalex.org/W4393131737","https://openalex.org/W4393164265","https://openalex.org/W4396664816","https://openalex.org/W4399290846","https://openalex.org/W4400644288","https://openalex.org/W4402379595","https://openalex.org/W4403289303","https://openalex.org/W4404970311","https://openalex.org/W4410631296","https://openalex.org/W4415037973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2370349080","https://openalex.org/W2354298093","https://openalex.org/W4405157530","https://openalex.org/W2167106641","https://openalex.org/W2972546986","https://openalex.org/W4399206426","https://openalex.org/W4411431480","https://openalex.org/W7124453879","https://openalex.org/W4413481164","https://openalex.org/W7167071763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"address":[1],"the":[2,14,81,85,98,105,115,124,131,146,162,176,186],"challenge":[3],"of":[4,17,76,164,175],"quantitatively":[5],"coupling":[6],"fire":[7,31,48,95,263],"smoke":[8,110],"evolution":[9],"and":[10,33,58,111,138,216,231,242,250,266],"occupant":[11,59],"evacuation":[12],"in":[13,196,269],"underground":[15,271],"powerhouses":[16],"large-scale":[18],"pumped-storage":[19],"power":[20],"stations,":[21],"full-scale":[22],"three-dimensional":[23],"numerical":[24],"models":[25],"were":[26],"developed":[27],"using":[28],"PyroSim":[29],"for":[30,35,130,192,261],"dynamics":[32],"Pathfinder":[34],"egress":[36,55,88,127,222],"behavior.":[37],"A":[38],"multi-factor":[39],"coupled":[40],"ASET\u2013RSET":[41],"safety":[42,156,199,264],"margin":[43,157,200],"matrix":[44],"was":[45],"constructed,":[46],"integrating":[47],"heat":[49],"release":[50],"rate":[51],"(HRR),":[52],"sprinkler":[53,106,209],"intervention,":[54],"passage":[56,167],"blockage,":[57],"load.":[60],"The":[61],"results":[62],"show":[63],"that":[64,202],"visibility":[65],"continuously":[66],"dropping":[67],"below":[68],"10":[69,93],"m":[70,78],"at":[71],"a":[72,92,154,165,169,197,238],"characteristic":[73],"hazardous":[74],"height":[75],"4.5":[77],"serves":[79],"as":[80,145],"governing":[82],"criterion":[83],"determining":[84],"available":[86],"safe":[87,126],"time":[89,128],"(ASET).":[90],"Under":[91],"MW":[94],"without":[96],"sprinklers,":[97],"ASET":[99,116,249],"is":[100,135,234],"343.0":[101],"s,":[102],"whereas":[103],"activating":[104],"system":[107],"effectively":[108],"suppresses":[109],"reduces":[112],"temperatures,":[113],"extending":[114],"to":[117,141,149,183,189,247,253],"380.9":[118],"s.":[119],"With":[120],"both":[121],"exits":[122],"unobstructed,":[123],"required":[125],"(RSET)":[129],"baseline":[132],"130":[133],"occupants":[134],"303":[136],"s":[137,144,191],"increases":[139],"marginally":[140],"only":[142],"304":[143],"crowd":[147,184],"scales":[148],"250":[150,193],"occupants,":[151,194],"thereby":[152],"maintaining":[153],"positive":[155],"under":[158],"all":[159],"scenarios.":[160],"Conversely,":[161],"blockage":[163,174],"single-sided":[166],"induces":[168],"pronounced":[170],"bottleneck":[171],"shift.":[172],"Specifically,":[173],"main":[177],"access":[178],"tunnel":[179],"exhibits":[180],"acute":[181],"sensitivity":[182],"enlargement:":[185],"RSET":[187],"surges":[188],"441.8":[190],"resulting":[195],"severe":[198],"deficit":[201],"cannot":[203],"be":[204],"fully":[205],"rectified":[206],"even":[207],"with":[208],"intervention.":[210],"Accordingly,":[211],"two":[212],"distinct":[213],"risk":[214],"boundaries\u2014management-sensitive":[215],"structure-constrained":[217],"regimes\u2014are":[218],"identified.":[219],"An":[220],"optimal":[221],"routing":[223],"scheme":[224],"characterized":[225],"by":[226,237],"\u201chierarchical":[227],"zoning,":[228],"lateral":[229],"priority,":[230],"nearest-ascending":[232],"egress\u201d":[233],"proposed,":[235],"accompanied":[236],"two-dimensional":[239],"cooperative":[240],"prevention":[241],"control":[243,246],"strategy:":[244],"\u201csource":[245],"delay":[248],"capacity":[251],"expansion":[252],"reduce":[254],"RSET.\u201d":[255],"This":[256],"work":[257],"provides":[258],"quantitative":[259],"support":[260],"performance-based":[262],"design":[265],"emergency":[267],"management":[268],"deep-buried":[270],"powerhouses.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}