{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225333360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310","title":"Supply\u2013Demand Differentiation and Ecological Functional Zoning of Ecosystem Services in the Pearl River Basin Based on Explainable Ensemble Machine Learning","display_name":"Supply\u2013Demand Differentiation and Ecological Functional Zoning of Ecosystem Services in the Pearl River Basin Based on Explainable Ensemble Machine Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225333360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160979651","display_name":"Yongbing Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbing Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Research Center for Ecological Resources and Environment, Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Research Center for Ecological Resources and Environment, Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160850684","display_name":"Shaoquan Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaoquan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Research Center for Ecological Resources and Environment, Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Research Center for Ecological Resources and Environment, Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068383822","display_name":"\u71d5\u6b66 \u9673","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanwu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Research Center for Ecological Resources and Environment, Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Research Center for Ecological Resources and Environment, Guangxi Minzu Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160850684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"11310","last_page":"11310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13203","display_name":"Environmental Changes in China","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem-services","display_name":"ecosystem services","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-demand-ratio","display_name":"supply-demand ratio","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pearl-river-basin","display_name":"Pearl River Basin","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-yield","display_name":"water yield","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-storage","display_name":"carbon storage","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-conservation","display_name":"soil conservation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat-quality","display_name":"habitat quality","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization-impacts","display_name":"urbanization impacts","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-winged-kite-algorithm","display_name":"black-winged kite algorithm","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap-analysis","display_name":"SHAP analysis","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-mixture-model-clustering","display_name":"Gaussian mixture model clustering","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invest-model","display_name":"InVEST model","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58941895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865","display_name":"Ecosystem services","level":3,"score":0.6672000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.6218000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126645576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620","display_name":"Drainage basin","level":2,"score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.542900025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520944541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702232","display_name":"Zoning","level":2,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97053079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061108","display_name":"Water supply","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175327387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906","display_name":"Aquatic ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129934472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578576","display_name":"River ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155681218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193110","display_name":"Floodplain","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779251273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43436","display_name":"Pearl","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42088612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3229532","display_name":"Lake ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120330832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656","display_name":"Supply and demand","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.8518999814987183},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6618000268936157},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990267258","https://openalex.org/W2011832962","https://openalex.org/W2027016436","https://openalex.org/W2082906486","https://openalex.org/W2087087401","https://openalex.org/W2109820980","https://openalex.org/W2127498532","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2146855196","https://openalex.org/W2166678085","https://openalex.org/W2254567107","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2756791498","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2802953454","https://openalex.org/W2921355300","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3080733827","https://openalex.org/W3085784695","https://openalex.org/W3126726099","https://openalex.org/W3162645695","https://openalex.org/W3205943462","https://openalex.org/W4206593670","https://openalex.org/W4223426198","https://openalex.org/W4295278512","https://openalex.org/W4317934088","https://openalex.org/W4380082844","https://openalex.org/W4386715695","https://openalex.org/W4390366016","https://openalex.org/W4393115836","https://openalex.org/W4401449011","https://openalex.org/W4401673058","https://openalex.org/W4402560567","https://openalex.org/W4411891386","https://openalex.org/W4416906946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396949916","https://openalex.org/W7161330189","https://openalex.org/W4401673058","https://openalex.org/W4380082844","https://openalex.org/W4416400196","https://openalex.org/W7164182105","https://openalex.org/W4384341213","https://openalex.org/W3205943462","https://openalex.org/W4415282369","https://openalex.org/W7213292895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Regional-scale":[0],"ecosystem":[1,35,392],"service":[2,36,336,393],"surpluses":[3],"may":[4],"mask":[5],"expanding":[6],"local":[7],"deficits":[8,218],"in":[9,17,62,130,221,433],"rapidly":[10],"urbanizing":[11],"areas,":[12],"weakening":[13],"targeted":[14],"ecological":[15,81,426],"management":[16],"the":[18,21,31,34,46,63,85,102,108,111,131,142,147,154,160,193,201,209,222,228,241,260,273,277,285,292,323,326,346,350,357,361,368,375,380,405,434],"basin.":[19],"Taking":[20],"Pearl":[22,435],"River":[23,436],"Basin":[24],"as":[25,110],"a":[26,300,422],"case":[27],"study,":[28],"we":[29,344],"integrated":[30],"InVEST":[32],"model,":[33],"supply\u2013demand":[37],"ratio":[38],"(ESDR),":[39],"an":[40],"MLP-XGBoost":[41,237],"weighted":[42,238],"ensemble":[43,239],"optimized":[44],"with":[45,101,127,244,259,397],"black-winged":[47],"kite":[48],"algorithm":[49],"(BKA),":[50],"SHAP":[51,267],"analysis,":[52],"and":[53,65,74,80,92,98,104,117,124,134,150,176,200,226,234,248,281,305,308,319,325,342,364,371,379,395,401,429],"Gaussian":[54,328],"mixture":[55,329],"model":[56,330],"(GMM)":[57],"clustering":[58,340,403],"to":[59,89,191,198,206,215,257,299,334,348],"characterize":[60],"changes":[61],"supply":[64,94,120,394],"demand":[66,138,396],"of":[67,107,157,164,231,276,302,391,407],"water":[68,177,265],"yield,":[69],"carbon":[70,172,290],"storage,":[71,173,291],"soil":[72,286],"conservation,":[73],"habitat":[75,118,174,309],"quality,":[76,175],"their":[77],"contrasting":[78],"drivers,":[79],"functional":[82,354,427],"zoning":[83,428],"across":[84],"basin":[86,109,351],"from":[87,189,196,204,213,255,296],"2000":[88],"2020.":[90],"Water-yield":[91],"soil-conservation":[93,210],"increased":[95,139,212],"by":[96,122,140,314,411],"3.75%":[97],"3.03%,":[99],"respectively,":[100,126],"northeastern":[103],"eastern":[105],"parts":[106],"common":[112],"growth":[113],"areas.":[114],"Carbon":[115],"storage":[116],"quality":[119,310],"decreased":[121,188],"1.28%":[123],"4.30%,":[125],"marked":[128],"declines":[129],"mountainous":[132],"northwest":[133],"urban":[135,229],"southeast.":[136],"Carbon-storage":[137],"245.45%,":[141],"largest":[143],"demand-side":[144],"increase":[145],"among":[146],"four":[148,166],"services,":[149],"southeastern":[151],"cities":[152],"were":[153,219,332],"principal":[155],"areas":[156],"growth.":[158],"Although":[159],"basin-wide":[161],"mean":[162],"ESDRs":[163],"all":[165],"services":[167],"remained":[168],"positive,":[169],"those":[170],"for":[171,264,289,425],"yield":[178],"declined":[179],"overall":[180],"or":[181],"during":[182],"specific":[183],"periods.":[184],"The":[185,236],"water-yield":[186,278],"ESDR":[187,195,203,211],"0.162":[190],"0.078,":[192],"carbon-storage":[194],"0.303":[197],"0.090,":[199],"habitat-quality":[202],"0.555":[205],"0.503,":[207],"whereas":[208],"0.015":[214],"0.02.":[216],"Local":[217],"concentrated":[220],"Foshan\u2013Guangzhou":[223],"metropolitan":[224],"area":[225],"around":[227],"nodes":[230],"Nanning,":[232],"Liuzhou,":[233],"Guilin.":[235],"outperformed":[240],"individual":[242],"models,":[243],"greater":[245],"predictive":[246,262],"accuracy":[247],"generalizability.":[249],"Its":[250],"test-set":[251],"R2":[252],"values":[253],"ranged":[254],"0.211":[256],"0.737,":[258],"highest":[261],"performance":[263,341],"yield.":[266],"analysis":[268],"showed":[269],"that":[270,387],"precipitation":[271,282],"was":[272,311],"dominant":[274,293],"predictor":[275],"ESDR,":[279,288],"slope":[280],"jointly":[283,312],"influenced":[284,313],"conservation":[287],"controls":[294],"shifted":[295],"vegetation":[297],"alone":[298],"combination":[301],"vegetation,":[303,316],"population,":[304,315],"economic":[306],"activity,":[307],"elevation,":[317],"temperature,":[318],"road":[320],"disturbance.":[321],"Both":[322],"GMM":[324,347],"Bayesian":[327],"(BGMM)":[331],"used":[333],"identify":[335],"types.":[337],"Based":[338],"on":[339],"stability,":[343],"adopted":[345],"divide":[349],"into":[352],"five":[353],"zones,":[355],"namely":[356],"Integrated":[358,376],"Conservation":[359,366],"Zone,":[360,367,374,378],"Key":[362],"Soil":[363],"Water":[365],"Carbon\u2013Water":[369],"Regulation":[370],"Habitat":[372],"Restoration":[373,382],"Enhancement":[377],"Priority":[381],"Zone.":[383],"This":[384],"study":[385],"demonstrates":[386],"integrating":[388],"spatiotemporal":[389],"dynamics":[390],"explainable":[398],"machine":[399],"learning":[400],"stable":[402],"enables":[404],"identification":[406],"localized":[408],"risks":[409],"masked":[410],"regional":[412],"average":[413],"surpluses.":[414],"These":[415],"findings":[416],"reveal":[417],"heterogeneous":[418],"governance":[419],"needs,":[420],"providing":[421],"scientific":[423],"basis":[424],"territorial":[430],"spatial":[431],"planning":[432],"Basin.":[437]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}