{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225332879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000877","title":"Integrating artificial intelligence into back-translation: Opportunities, constraints, and recommendations for psychological research.","display_name":"Integrating artificial intelligence into back-translation: Opportunities, constraints, and recommendations for psychological research.","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225332879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000877","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/met0000877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000877","pdf_url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2028-50771-001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45419345","display_name":"Psychological Methods","issn_l":"1082-989X","issn":["1082-989X","1939-1463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2028-50771-001.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035245962","display_name":"Julian Decius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-6054","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-6054"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Decius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business Studies and Economics, University of Bremen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-6054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business Studies and Economics, University of Bremen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067255378","display_name":"Emily Kleszewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6880-6965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6880-6965"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Kleszewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Marburg University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6880-6965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Marburg University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150105808","display_name":"Hannah Louisa Kr\u00fcger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1414-7748","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1414-7748"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Louisa Kr\u00fcger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business Studies and Economics, University of Bremen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1414-7748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business Studies and Economics, University of Bremen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.5195000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.5195000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.45019999146461487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/back-translation","display_name":"back-translation","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-assisted-translation","display_name":"AI-assisted translation","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"machine translation","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepl","display_name":"DeepL","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatgpt","display_name":"ChatGPT","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/google-translate","display_name":"Google Translate","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-invariance","display_name":"measurement invariance","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-equivalence","display_name":"language equivalence","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-equivalence","display_name":"cultural equivalence","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-german-translation","display_name":"English-German translation","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-spanish-translation","display_name":"English-Spanish translation","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6556000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.5964000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5418999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1589151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804207","display_name":"Measurement invariance","level":4,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143271835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254515","display_name":"Similitude","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163515075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873512","display_name":"Psychological testing","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/met0000877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000877","pdf_url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2028-50771-001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45419345","display_name":"Psychological Methods","issn_l":"1082-989X","issn":["1082-989X","1939-1463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42986323","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological methods","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/met0000877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000877","pdf_url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2028-50771-001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45419345","display_name":"Psychological Methods","issn_l":"1082-989X","issn":["1082-989X","1939-1463"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225332879.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225332879.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W577685849","https://openalex.org/W1558591941","https://openalex.org/W1596373123","https://openalex.org/W1967390364","https://openalex.org/W1977733462","https://openalex.org/W2009386404","https://openalex.org/W2037698344","https://openalex.org/W2052239279","https://openalex.org/W2069942148","https://openalex.org/W2070150502","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2089871805","https://openalex.org/W2113669181","https://openalex.org/W2117031222","https://openalex.org/W2124065690","https://openalex.org/W2130653485","https://openalex.org/W2142988015","https://openalex.org/W2143981992","https://openalex.org/W2159976332","https://openalex.org/W2406166005","https://openalex.org/W2498779381","https://openalex.org/W2588477299","https://openalex.org/W2610765860","https://openalex.org/W2808590288","https://openalex.org/W2901448613","https://openalex.org/W2912105073","https://openalex.org/W2994695929","https://openalex.org/W3039695075","https://openalex.org/W3128881351","https://openalex.org/W3162971299","https://openalex.org/W4200058474","https://openalex.org/W4225083776","https://openalex.org/W4226163610","https://openalex.org/W4295900523","https://openalex.org/W4309379710","https://openalex.org/W4320167623","https://openalex.org/W4321004017","https://openalex.org/W4383648115","https://openalex.org/W4388940170","https://openalex.org/W4389520222","https://openalex.org/W4390228181","https://openalex.org/W4391887159","https://openalex.org/W4392370755","https://openalex.org/W4392812555","https://openalex.org/W4399176229","https://openalex.org/W4399362865","https://openalex.org/W4399390318","https://openalex.org/W4405794792","https://openalex.org/W4409157490","https://openalex.org/W4409921272","https://openalex.org/W4411239356","https://openalex.org/W4412887719","https://openalex.org/W4413267991","https://openalex.org/W7115915821","https://openalex.org/W7208805189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416000657","https://openalex.org/W4414599575","https://openalex.org/W4386621473","https://openalex.org/W6925241437","https://openalex.org/W7131657488","https://openalex.org/W7215329015","https://openalex.org/W6906557539","https://openalex.org/W4408964528","https://openalex.org/W7129733067","https://openalex.org/W2426763069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brislin's":[0],"(1970,":[1],"1986)":[2],"back-translation":[3,76],"procedure":[4,135,140],"is":[5,20],"widely":[6],"used":[7,227],"to":[8,87,122,179],"translate":[9],"psychological":[10,188],"scales,":[11,85],"but":[12],"it":[13],"depends":[14],"heavily":[15],"on":[16,33,62],"researchers'":[17],"judgments":[18],"and":[19,48,50,64,95,102,117,125,146,149,160,197,216],"often":[21],"applied":[22],"uncritically.":[23],"Across":[24,172],"five":[25],"studies,":[26,173],"we":[27],"examined":[28,68,165],"whether":[29],"translation":[30,215,234],"tools":[31,175],"based":[32,61],"artificial":[34],"intelligence":[35],"(AI)":[36],"can":[37],"support":[38],"this":[39],"process.":[40],"Two":[41],"pilot":[42],"studies":[43],"compared":[44,131],"ChatGPT,":[45],"Google":[46],"Translate,":[47],"DeepL":[49,52],"identified":[51],"as":[53,238],"the":[54,120,155,169,180,218,229],"most":[55],"suitable":[56],"tool":[57],"for":[58,83,212,223,231],"Studies":[59,66,115],"1-3":[60,67],"performance":[63],"practicality.":[65],"English-German":[69],"scale":[70,104,189,214],"translations":[71,79,89,124],"produced":[72],"through":[73],"a":[74,126,132,239],"single":[75],"round.":[77],"AI-generated":[78,143],"were":[80],"comparable":[81],"and,":[82],"some":[84],"superior":[86],"human":[88,133,181,193],"in":[90,187],"linguistic":[91,198],"quality":[92],"(Study":[93,98,113],"1)":[94],"original-back-translation":[96],"correspondence":[97,241],"2).":[99],"The":[100],"AI-":[101],"human-translated":[103],"versions":[105],"showed":[106],"broadly":[107],"similar":[108],"patterns":[109],"of":[110,154,168,204,233],"measurement":[111,166],"invariance":[112,167],"3).":[114],"4":[116,130],"5":[118,164],"extended":[119],"comparison":[121],"English-Spanish":[123],"multiround":[127,134],"design.":[128],"Study":[129,163],"with":[136,152,235],"an":[137],"enhanced":[138],"AI-assisted":[139,213],"combining":[141],"parallel":[142],"translations,":[144],"back-translation,":[145],"structured":[147,224],"quantitative":[148,240],"qualitative":[150,225],"evaluation":[151,232],"elements":[153],"translation,":[156],"review,":[157,226],"adjudication,":[158],"pretesting,":[159],"documentation":[161],"approach;":[162],"resulting":[170],"versions.":[171],"AI-based":[174],"generally":[176],"performed":[177],"comparably":[178],"procedures":[182],"examined,":[183],"supporting":[184],"their":[185],"use":[186],"translation.":[190],"However,":[191],"qualified":[192],"judgment":[194],"remains":[195],"important,":[196],"similarity":[199],"does":[200],"not":[201],"provide":[202,210],"evidence":[203],"cultural":[205],"or":[206],"psychometric":[207],"equivalence.":[208],"We":[209],"recommendations":[211],"introduce":[217],"AI":[219],"Translation":[220],"Evaluation":[221],"Assistant":[222],"alongside":[228],"metric":[230],"explicit":[236],"ordering":[237],"indicator.":[242],"(PsycInfo":[243],"Database":[244],"Record":[245],"(c)":[246],"2026":[247],"APA,":[248],"all":[249],"rights":[250],"reserved).":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
