{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225331671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","title":"Redox-Driven Framework Expansion in Viologen COFs for Programmable Electrochemical Actuation","display_name":"Redox-Driven Framework Expansion in Viologen COFs for Programmable Electrochemical Actuation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225331671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11338609/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11338609/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079813961","display_name":"Pooi See Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-1623","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-1623"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pooi See Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-1623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101382476","display_name":"Jae Uk Choi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae Uk Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324345","display_name":"Yufei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1209-8730","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1209-8730"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123341247","display_name":"Jin Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129726329","display_name":"Yonghong Qin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094095671","display_name":"Biao Ran","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Ran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160754275","display_name":"Adit Gupta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adit Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012230324","display_name":"Jin Pyo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1842-7216","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1842-7216"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Pyo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084049950","display_name":"Chaopeng Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9896-9538","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9896-9538"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaopeng Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9896-9538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.4059999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.4059999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.38350000977516174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12038","display_name":"Covalent Organic Framework Applications","score":0.18330000340938568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covalent-organic-frameworks","display_name":"covalent organic frameworks","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viologen","display_name":"viologen","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-actuators","display_name":"electrochemical actuators","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-expansion","display_name":"lattice expansion","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterion-diffusion","display_name":"counterion diffusion","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics","display_name":"soft robotics","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-interface","display_name":"haptic interface","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-voltage-actuation","display_name":"low-voltage actuation","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cycling-stability","display_name":"cycling stability","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777346182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845218","display_name":"Viologen","level":2,"score":0.6721000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6471999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.6013000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.5863999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2182769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62500","display_name":"Ionic bonding","level":3,"score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55904794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682","display_name":"Redox","level":2,"score":0.5669000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34814092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268418","display_name":"Counterion","level":3,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196628372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801090","display_name":"Artificial muscle","level":3,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138679309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6063658","display_name":"Ionic conductivity","level":4,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25621703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2658857","display_name":"Ambipolar diffusion","level":3,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125086356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62525","display_name":"Electrochemical potential","level":4,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154881586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898579","display_name":"Ionic liquid","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186187911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093894","display_name":"Nanostructure","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192157962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087243","display_name":"Bilayer","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778393539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913759","display_name":"Bimorph","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11338609/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11338609/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11338609/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311436","display_name":"Salt Science Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05th9sq46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225331671.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225331671.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1702810886","https://openalex.org/W1965938594","https://openalex.org/W1998318362","https://openalex.org/W2028240311","https://openalex.org/W2036535525","https://openalex.org/W2042542860","https://openalex.org/W2084873538","https://openalex.org/W2098734254","https://openalex.org/W2155397650","https://openalex.org/W2471031091","https://openalex.org/W2512404555","https://openalex.org/W2594238106","https://openalex.org/W2614263475","https://openalex.org/W2746358053","https://openalex.org/W2801769328","https://openalex.org/W2889043393","https://openalex.org/W2938370964","https://openalex.org/W2945387758","https://openalex.org/W2961360968","https://openalex.org/W2973344305","https://openalex.org/W2988018989","https://openalex.org/W2990294600","https://openalex.org/W3014335985","https://openalex.org/W3018980785","https://openalex.org/W3041881567","https://openalex.org/W3048004978","https://openalex.org/W3094003854","https://openalex.org/W3094235490","https://openalex.org/W3162889977","https://openalex.org/W3204577571","https://openalex.org/W4200616201","https://openalex.org/W4206332293","https://openalex.org/W4210391264","https://openalex.org/W4220930970","https://openalex.org/W4309765545","https://openalex.org/W4319736328","https://openalex.org/W4382011840","https://openalex.org/W4384340322","https://openalex.org/W4387296851","https://openalex.org/W4389080415","https://openalex.org/W4389697141","https://openalex.org/W4390228142","https://openalex.org/W4393929974","https://openalex.org/W4396761317","https://openalex.org/W4399764100","https://openalex.org/W4400311413","https://openalex.org/W4407180483","https://openalex.org/W4408287047","https://openalex.org/W4410165872","https://openalex.org/W4411977661","https://openalex.org/W7131889922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206332293","https://openalex.org/W3048004978","https://openalex.org/W4389697141","https://openalex.org/W7170326159","https://openalex.org/W3099463568","https://openalex.org/W3135693626","https://openalex.org/W2919224200","https://openalex.org/W7116796951","https://openalex.org/W4388752322","https://openalex.org/W7213255380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Electrochemically":[1],"driven":[2,130],"ionic":[3,150],"actuators":[4],"operating":[5],"at":[6],"low":[7],"voltages":[8],"are":[9],"promising":[10],"for":[11,173],"soft":[12,179],"robotics,":[13],"haptic":[14],"interfaces,":[15],"and":[16,27,54,62,80,112,122,164,181],"adaptive":[17],"systems.":[18],"Yet,":[19],"achieving":[20],"fast":[21,106],"response,":[22],"large":[23],"strain,":[24],"long-term":[25],"durability,":[26],"discrete":[28],"stepwise":[29],"actuation":[30,128,177],"remains":[31],"challenging.":[32],"Here,":[33],"we":[34],"report":[35],"a":[36,42,84,100,153,168],"high-performance":[37],"ion-driven":[38],"actuator":[39,98,157],"based":[40],"on":[41],"viologen-based":[43],"cationic":[44],"covalent":[45],"organic":[46],"framework":[47],"(V-COF),":[48],"which":[49],"integrates":[50],"the":[51,60,73,141],"ordered":[52],"porosity":[53],"mechanical":[55],"robustness":[56],"of":[57,66,104,109,115,156],"COFs":[58,151],"with":[59,118,137],"rapid":[61],"reversible":[63,132],"redox":[64,91,134],"chemistry":[65],"viologen.":[67],"The":[68,97],"incorporation":[69],"redox-active":[70,149],"centers":[71],"within":[72],"COF":[74,144],"backbone":[75],"enables":[76],"redox-state-dependent":[77],"lattice":[78],"expansion":[79],"counterion":[81,138],"diffusion":[82,139],"under":[83],"small":[85],"electrical":[86],"bias,":[87],"thereby":[88],"translating":[89],"molecular":[90,170],"switching":[92],"into":[93],"controllable":[94],"electrochemical":[95,124,176],"actuation.":[96],"exhibits":[99],"peak-to-peak":[101],"bending":[102],"strain":[103],"1.86%,":[105],"response":[107],"time":[108],"2.8":[110],"s,":[111],"cycling":[113],"stability":[114],"10,000":[116],"cycles":[117],"negligible":[119],"degradation.":[120],"Ex-situ":[121],"in-situ":[123],"analyses":[125],"reveal":[126],"that":[127,159],"is":[129],"by":[131],"viologen":[133],"reactions":[135],"coupled":[136],"through":[140],"ionically":[142],"charged":[143],"framework.":[145],"This":[146],"work":[147],"establishes":[148],"as":[152],"new":[154,169],"class":[155],"materials":[158],"bridge":[160],"molecular-scale":[161],"charge":[162],"transfer":[163],"macroscopic":[165],"motion,":[166],"offering":[167],"design":[171],"strategy":[172],"durable,":[174],"low-voltage":[175],"in":[178],"robotic":[180],"smart-system":[182],"applications.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}