{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225328509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2026.262","title":"Acoustic signal-based leakage detection for water distribution networks with multispectrogram inputs","display_name":"Acoustic signal-based leakage detection for water distribution networks with multispectrogram inputs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225328509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2026.262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2166/aqua.2026.262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2026.262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2026.262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228842","display_name":"AQUA - Water Infrastructure Ecosystems and Society","issn_l":"0003-7214","issn":["0003-7214","1365-2087","1605-3974","1606-9935","2709-8028","2709-8036"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","oarl","poland-20","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320510","host_organization_name":"UWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AQUA \u2014 Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038241650","display_name":"Xiangqiu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9473-7842","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9473-7842"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160030","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Water Resource and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/04dg5b632","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160030"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangqiu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9473-7842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107891857","display_name":"L. Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4363-6167","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4363-6167"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangzhi Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4363-6167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160773625","display_name":"Yichen Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0745-5971","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0745-5971"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichen Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0745-5971","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003104454","display_name":"\u4fde\u4ead\u8d85","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1866-2048","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1866-2048"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["c Institute of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1866-2048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c Institute of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022765674","display_name":"Tingchao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-0249","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-0249"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingchao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["c Institute of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-0249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c Institute of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077390328","display_name":"Shihu Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-9988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-9988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shihu Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-9988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077390328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak-detection","display_name":"leak detection","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-distribution-networks","display_name":"water distribution systems","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-signals","display_name":"acoustic signals","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"spectrogram","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-reconstruction","display_name":"signal reconstruction","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"residual convolutional neural network","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mel-spectrogram","display_name":"Mel spectrogram","score":0.9100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.7617999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6468999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349983","display_name":"Leak","level":2,"score":0.6129000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987355568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420957","display_name":"Leak detection","level":3,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174598085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746673","display_name":"Acoustic emission","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70958404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512728","display_name":"Signal reconstruction","level":4,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2166/aqua.2026.262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2026.262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2026.262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228842","display_name":"AQUA - Water Infrastructure Ecosystems and Society","issn_l":"0003-7214","issn":["0003-7214","1365-2087","1605-3974","1606-9935","2709-8028","2709-8036"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","oarl","poland-20","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320510","host_organization_name":"UWA Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UWA Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AQUA \u2014 Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1833739312","https://openalex.org/W2060409956","https://openalex.org/W2076751630","https://openalex.org/W2123448864","https://openalex.org/W2560619664","https://openalex.org/W2737897717","https://openalex.org/W2761349777","https://openalex.org/W2767035496","https://openalex.org/W2791508511","https://openalex.org/W2899122233","https://openalex.org/W2902145121","https://openalex.org/W2903940442","https://openalex.org/W2945094647","https://openalex.org/W2949595676","https://openalex.org/W2951718629","https://openalex.org/W2999052398","https://openalex.org/W3014453244","https://openalex.org/W3032823239","https://openalex.org/W3082226875","https://openalex.org/W3083602012","https://openalex.org/W3165575792","https://openalex.org/W4205142491","https://openalex.org/W4223493137","https://openalex.org/W4224092589","https://openalex.org/W4288032558","https://openalex.org/W4293685574","https://openalex.org/W4296558544","https://openalex.org/W4308346301","https://openalex.org/W4312105503","https://openalex.org/W4312203791","https://openalex.org/W4367315327","https://openalex.org/W4380792622","https://openalex.org/W4385613050","https://openalex.org/W4387844064","https://openalex.org/W4388591095","https://openalex.org/W4392509321","https://openalex.org/W4399988318","https://openalex.org/W4400317766","https://openalex.org/W4400958231","https://openalex.org/W4403837436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318700552","https://openalex.org/W4406134319","https://openalex.org/W4229025199","https://openalex.org/W4392420764","https://openalex.org/W3109136062","https://openalex.org/W4386112595","https://openalex.org/W7216757105","https://openalex.org/W4393246086","https://openalex.org/W3112657180","https://openalex.org/W4210763013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Accurate":[1],"leak":[2,38,48,112],"detection":[3,39,49],"is":[4,178],"fundamental":[5],"to":[6,74,180],"ensuring":[7],"the":[8,58,68,76,79,139,145,154],"operation":[9],"of":[10,63,78,84,102],"water":[11],"distribution":[12],"networks":[13],"(WDNs).":[14],"However,":[15],"most":[16],"existing":[17],"acoustic-based":[18],"methods":[19,130],"are":[20],"rarely":[21],"applied":[22],"in":[23,36],"real":[24,52],"WDNs":[25],"because":[26],"they":[27],"often":[28],"capture":[29],"only":[30],"incomplete":[31],"or":[32],"single-type":[33],"features,":[34],"resulting":[35],"low":[37],"accuracy.":[40],"This":[41],"study":[42],"proposes":[43],"a":[44,103],"multistage,":[45],"multidimensional":[46,88],"spectrogram-based":[47],"method":[50,156],"using":[51,67],"acoustic":[53,65,85],"signal":[54],"data,":[55],"which":[56],"includes":[57],"following":[59],"features:":[60],"(1)":[61],"reconstruction":[62],"original":[64,80,119],"signals":[66,86],"Iterative":[69],"Amplitude":[70],"Adapted":[71],"Fourier":[72],"Transform":[73],"enhance":[75],"size":[77],"dataset;":[81],"(2)":[82],"conversion":[83],"into":[87],"spectrograms":[89,96],"that":[90],"integrate":[91],"Mel,":[92],"linear,":[93],"and":[94,99,121,142,148,152,169],"logarithmic":[95],"as":[97,125,127,132],"inputs;":[98],"(3)":[100],"adoption":[101],"two-dimensional":[104],"residual":[105,135],"convolutional":[106],"neural":[107],"network":[108],"(Res2D-CNN)":[109],"model":[110],"for":[111,185],"detection.":[113],"Compared":[114],"with":[115,117,171],"inputs":[116],"nonreconstructed":[118],"data":[120],"single":[122],"spectrogram":[123],"feature,":[124],"well":[126],"against":[128],"multiple":[129],"such":[131],"SVM,":[133],"one-dimensional":[134],"CNN":[136,141,147],"(Res1D-CNN),":[137],"CNN,":[138],"hybrid":[140,146],"Informer":[143],"(CNN-Informer),":[144],"random":[149],"forests":[150],"(CNN-RF),":[151],"SqueezeNet,":[153],"proposed":[155],"achieves":[157],"superior":[158],"performance":[159],"across":[160],"all":[161],"evaluation":[162],"metrics,":[163],"including":[164],"accuracy,":[165],"precision,":[166],"F1-score,":[167],"specificity,":[168],"sensitivity,":[170],"each":[172],"exceeding":[173],"98%.":[174],"Therefore,":[175],"this":[176],"framework":[177],"demonstrated":[179],"be":[181],"an":[182],"effective":[183],"approach":[184],"detecting":[186],"leaks.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}