{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225328304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948","title":"Exploring the Effectiveness of Large Language Models in Generating Clinical Differential Diagnoses: A Case Study of ICU Patients","display_name":"Exploring the Effectiveness of Large Language Models in Generating Clinical Differential Diagnoses: A Case Study of ICU Patients","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225328304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023255735","display_name":"Mohammad Alsulmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7900-2273","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7900-2273"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alsulmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7900-2273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023255735"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"10948","last_page":"10948"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-diagnosis","display_name":"differential diagnosis","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-unit-patients","display_name":"intensive care unit patients","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-decision-support","display_name":"diagnostic decision support","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-comparison","display_name":"model comparison","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-reasoning","display_name":"clinical reasoning","score":0.6069999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.8694000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983449737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Clinical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837512","display_name":"Differential diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987404301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020452639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q454812","display_name":"Clinical judgment","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968181674","https://openalex.org/W1985605499","https://openalex.org/W2016492643","https://openalex.org/W2029957791","https://openalex.org/W2046727047","https://openalex.org/W2055875549","https://openalex.org/W2074706689","https://openalex.org/W2081671363","https://openalex.org/W2093495945","https://openalex.org/W2103069675","https://openalex.org/W2132314908","https://openalex.org/W2149428338","https://openalex.org/W2166283755","https://openalex.org/W2167056249","https://openalex.org/W2625625371","https://openalex.org/W3092301826","https://openalex.org/W3138773240","https://openalex.org/W3193416643","https://openalex.org/W4230624213","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4386710076","https://openalex.org/W4387500346","https://openalex.org/W4388237833","https://openalex.org/W4388525110","https://openalex.org/W4390016349","https://openalex.org/W4392655718","https://openalex.org/W4399868262","https://openalex.org/W4400837480","https://openalex.org/W4403362497","https://openalex.org/W4409283616","https://openalex.org/W4409695426","https://openalex.org/W4410841501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401345679","https://openalex.org/W4411232472","https://openalex.org/W4411828128","https://openalex.org/W7162037817","https://openalex.org/W7204154193","https://openalex.org/W4399868262","https://openalex.org/W4410841501","https://openalex.org/W4412458725","https://openalex.org/W4400217623","https://openalex.org/W7140279436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,47,56,88,121,131,208,231],"large":[3,28],"language":[4],"models":[5,94,107,178,211,225],"(LLMs)":[6],"have":[7],"demonstrated":[8],"their":[9,45,122,174,228],"potential":[10,62,229],"for":[11,44,111],"a":[12,74,151],"wide":[13],"range":[14,76,92,152],"of":[15,30,77,84,93,153,219],"applications,":[16],"including":[17],"biomedical":[18],"and":[19,26,36,60,99,124,172,179,212,222],"clinical":[20,34,50,112,117,135,154,232],"domains.":[21],"Their":[22],"ability":[23,161],"to":[24,104,129,162],"process":[25],"interpret":[27],"amounts":[29],"data,":[31],"reason":[32],"over":[33],"cases,":[35,69],"generate":[37,163,190],"contextually":[38],"relevant":[39],"responses":[40],"has":[41,86],"created":[42],"opportunities":[43],"use":[46],"healthcare.":[48],"In":[49],"settings,":[51],"LLMs":[52,85,141],"may":[53],"assist":[54],"clinicians":[55],"decision-making":[57],"by":[58],"generating":[59],"ranking":[61],"differential":[63,165,191],"diagnoses":[64,166,171,192,198],"based":[65],"on":[66],"individual":[67],"patient":[68,148],"thereby":[70],"helping":[71],"them":[72],"consider":[73],"broader":[75],"diagnostic":[78,113,125,175],"possibilities.":[79],"However,":[80],"the":[81,159,196,200,217],"rapid":[82],"development":[83],"resulted":[87],"an":[89],"increasingly":[90],"diverse":[91],"with":[95,169,195],"different":[96],"architectures,":[97],"sizes,":[98],"capabilities,":[100],"making":[101],"it":[102],"challenging":[103],"determine":[105],"which":[106],"are":[108],"most":[109],"suitable":[110],"assistance":[114],"tasks.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"cases":[118,149],"vary":[119],"considerably":[120],"characteristics":[123],"complexity,":[126],"potentially":[127],"leading":[128],"differences":[130,207],"model":[132],"performance":[133,176,209],"across":[134,177,210],"conditions.":[136,155],"This":[137],"article":[138],"evaluates":[139],"11":[140],"using":[142],"60":[143],"intensive":[144],"care":[145],"unit":[146],"(ICU)":[147],"covering":[150],"Specifically,":[156],"we":[157],"assess":[158],"models\u2019":[160],"ranked":[164],"that":[167,184,193],"align":[168,194],"reference":[170,197],"compare":[173],"cases.":[180,213],"The":[181],"results":[182],"demonstrate":[183],"LLMs,":[185],"particularly":[186],"recent-generation":[187],"models,":[188],"can":[189],"under":[199],"evaluated":[201],"benchmark":[202],"conditions,":[203],"while":[204],"revealing":[205],"notable":[206],"These":[214],"findings":[215],"highlight":[216],"importance":[218],"systematically":[220],"evaluating":[221],"carefully":[223],"selecting":[224],"when":[226],"investigating":[227],"application":[230],"diagnosis.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
