{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225328191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","title":"In vitro evaluation of combination antibiotic therapy and resistance potential in Treponema pallidum","display_name":"In vitro evaluation of combination antibiotic therapy and resistance potential in Treponema pallidum","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225328191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","pdf_url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764766708","display_name":"Microbiology Spectrum","issn_l":"2165-0497","issn":["2165-0497"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microbiology Spectrum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150014902","display_name":"Amy N. Banks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0138-8923","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0138-8923"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy N. Banks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fox Chase Therapeutics Discovery Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0138-8923","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fox Chase Therapeutics Discovery Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077715628","display_name":"Allen B. Reitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2780-4044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2780-4044"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen B. Reitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fox Chase Therapeutics Discovery Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2780-4044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fox Chase Therapeutics Discovery Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036003228","display_name":"Katie B. Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-8808","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-8808"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katie B. Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fox Chase Therapeutics Discovery Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-8808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fox Chase Therapeutics Discovery Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11934","display_name":"Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11934","display_name":"Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10428","display_name":"Reproductive tract infections research","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treponema-pallidum","display_name":"Treponema pallidum","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syphilis","display_name":"syphilis","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combination-antibiotic-therapy","display_name":"combination antibiotic therapy","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amoxicillin","display_name":"amoxicillin","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cefuroxime","display_name":"cefuroxime","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doxycycline","display_name":"doxycycline","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-culture-model","display_name":"co-culture model","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-inhibitory-concentration","display_name":"minimum inhibitory concentration","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-interactions","display_name":"drug interactions","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-antibiotic-therapy","display_name":"oral antibiotic therapy","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nichols-strain","display_name":"Nichols strain","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexually-transmitted-infections","display_name":"sexually transmitted infections","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benzathine-penicillin","display_name":"benzathine penicillin","score":0.7940000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780187896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134745","display_name":"Treponema","level":4,"score":0.84579998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777179404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422442","display_name":"Doxycycline","level":3,"score":0.718500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.7164999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174802600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12190","display_name":"Penicillin","level":3,"score":0.651199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.5618000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165399","display_name":"Azithromycin","level":3,"score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776999253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304270","display_name":"Combination therapy","level":2,"score":0.5437999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779708577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201928","display_name":"Amoxicillin","level":3,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114851261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147416","display_name":"Drug resistance","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779256223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q611870","display_name":"Phage therapy","level":5,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019249092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274493","display_name":"Antibacterial agent","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432083","display_name":"Intramuscular injection","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778155338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422687","display_name":"Macrolide Antibiotics","level":4,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993328841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotic therapy","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","pdf_url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764766708","display_name":"Microbiology Spectrum","issn_l":"2165-0497","issn":["2165-0497"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microbiology Spectrum","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26","pdf_url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/spectrum.01808-26?download=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764766708","display_name":"Microbiology Spectrum","issn_l":"2165-0497","issn":["2165-0497"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microbiology Spectrum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225328191.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225328191.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559330249","https://openalex.org/W1837961316","https://openalex.org/W1995792510","https://openalex.org/W2016562927","https://openalex.org/W2029820126","https://openalex.org/W2053560396","https://openalex.org/W2100641815","https://openalex.org/W2103130206","https://openalex.org/W2107277218","https://openalex.org/W2120069280","https://openalex.org/W2134304525","https://openalex.org/W2140603169","https://openalex.org/W2162192112","https://openalex.org/W2167293860","https://openalex.org/W2294817772","https://openalex.org/W2530896984","https://openalex.org/W2810727101","https://openalex.org/W2811481829","https://openalex.org/W2991922263","https://openalex.org/W3045869285","https://openalex.org/W3133060763","https://openalex.org/W3137927043","https://openalex.org/W4281389265","https://openalex.org/W4379055419","https://openalex.org/W4387297078","https://openalex.org/W4387445050","https://openalex.org/W4388453776","https://openalex.org/W4390675990","https://openalex.org/W4392654491","https://openalex.org/W4399558098","https://openalex.org/W4401046015","https://openalex.org/W4406788421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387445050","https://openalex.org/W3177698572","https://openalex.org/W2045760876","https://openalex.org/W3137927043","https://openalex.org/W1994400793","https://openalex.org/W3031031347","https://openalex.org/W2129678009","https://openalex.org/W4406943782","https://openalex.org/W4392470312","https://openalex.org/W4379055419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Treponema":[1,312],"pallidum":[2,27,119,165,313,397],",":[3,28,120,314],"the":[4,42,56,67,74,82,90,139,170,186,274,293,303,315,324,329,332],"spirochete":[5],"bacterium":[6,316],"that":[7,194,317],"causes":[8,318],"syphilis,":[9,297,319],"is":[10,21],"responsible":[11],"for":[12,25,58,76,133,183,296,305,385],"persistent":[13],"and":[14,29,52,88,161,177,236,272,284,350,388],"globally":[15],"prevalent":[16],"sexually":[17],"transmitted":[18],"infections.":[19],"There":[20],"currently":[22],"no":[23,178],"vaccine":[24],"T.":[26,118,164,396],"treatment":[30,60,271,307,387],"relies":[31],"on":[32,311],"antibiotics,":[33,158],"with":[34,211,214],"intramuscular":[35],"administration":[36],"of":[37,64,92,102,117,123,142,154,169,185,197,202,264,276,345,369,380],"benzathine":[38],"penicillin":[39,53,291],"G":[40],"as":[41],"preferred":[43,294],"therapy.":[44],"However,":[45],"limitations":[46],"including":[47],"drug":[48],"access,":[49],"manufacturing":[50],"constraints,":[51],"allergies":[54],"highlight":[55],"need":[57,75,304],"alternative":[59,306],"strategies.":[61,308],"The":[62,99],"emergence":[63,275],"resistance":[65,93,352,373],"to":[66,84,199,268,326],"previously":[68],"effective":[69],"antibiotic":[70,124,171,266,356,365,383],"azithromycin":[71],"also":[72],"underscores":[73],"improved":[77],"approaches.":[78],"Combination":[79],"therapy":[80,144,295],"offers":[81],"potential":[83,140,353],"enhance":[85],"antimicrobial":[86,277,393],"activity":[87,125],"reduce":[89],"likelihood":[91],"by":[94,323],"targeting":[95],"multiple":[96],"bacterial":[97],"processes.":[98],"recent":[100,300],"development":[101],"an":[103],"in":[104,207,331,338,395],"vitro":[105,339],"co-culture":[106],"system":[107],"using":[108],"Sf1Ep":[109],"rabbit":[110],"epithelial":[111],"cells":[112],"has":[113,298,320],"enabled":[114],"continuous":[115],"cultivation":[116,340],"facilitating":[121],"evaluation":[122],"under":[126],"controlled":[127],"conditions.":[128],"While":[129],"minimum":[130],"inhibitory":[131],"concentrations":[132,201],"individual":[134],"antibiotics":[135,349],"have":[136],"been":[137,321],"established,":[138],"benefits":[141],"combination":[143,265,381],"remain":[145],"largely":[146],"unexplored.":[147],"In":[148,188],"this":[149],"study,":[150],"we":[151,342],"evaluated":[152,343],"combinations":[153,172,344,366],"three":[155],"orally":[156],"available":[157,347],"amoxicillin,":[159],"cefuroxime,":[160],"doxycycline,":[162],"against":[163],"(Nichols":[166],"strain).":[167],"Two":[168],"demonstrated":[173],"modest":[174,360],"additive":[175,361],"effects,":[176],"antagonistic":[179],"interactions":[180],"were":[181],"observed":[182],"any":[184],"combinations.":[187],"parallel,":[189],"serial":[190],"passage":[191],"experiments":[192],"showed":[193],"12":[195],"weeks":[196],"exposure":[198],"sub-MIC":[200],"amoxicillin":[203],"did":[204],"not":[205],"result":[206],"detectable":[208,372],"resistance,":[209],"consistent":[210],"prior":[212],"findings":[213,376],"doxycycline":[215],"or":[216,371],"linezolid":[217],"(L.":[218],"C.":[219,225,227,238],"Tantalo,":[220,239],"N.":[221,243],"A.":[222,240,244],"P.":[223,245],"Lieberman,":[224,246],"P\u00e9rez-Ma\u00f1\u00e1,":[226],"Su\u00f1er,":[228],"et":[229,250],"al.,":[230,251],"Lancet":[231],"Microbe":[232],"4:e994\u2013e1004,":[233],"2023,":[234],"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00219-7":[235],"L.":[237],"F.":[241],"Luetkemeyer,":[242],"B.":[247],"Ethan":[248],"Nunley,":[249],"J":[252],"Infect":[253],"Dis":[254],"231:729\u2013733,":[255],"2025,":[256],"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae381":[257],").":[258],"These":[259,375],"results":[260],"support":[261,377],"further":[262,378],"investigation":[263,379],"strategies":[267,384],"improve":[269],"syphilis":[270,386],"mitigate":[273],"resistance.":[278],"IMPORTANCE":[279],"Syphilis":[280],"remains":[281],"a":[282,335],"major":[283],"growing":[285],"global":[286],"public":[287],"health":[288],"concern.":[289],"Benzathine":[290],"G,":[292],"experienced":[299],"shortages,":[301],"highlighting":[302],"Historically,":[309],"research":[310],"limited":[322],"inability":[325],"continuously":[327],"culture":[328],"organism":[330],"laboratory.":[333],"Using":[334],"recently":[336],"developed":[337],"system,":[341],"commonly":[346],"oral":[348,382],"assessed":[351],"during":[354],"prolonged":[355],"exposure.":[357],"We":[358],"identified":[359],"effects":[362],"between":[363],"some":[364],"without":[367],"evidence":[368],"antagonism":[370],"development.":[374],"provide":[389],"additional":[390],"insight":[391],"into":[392],"susceptibility":[394],".":[398]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
