{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225327269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","title":"The problem of aging in early Buddhism: Doctrinal meaning and contemporary implications of jar\u0101-mara\u1e47a in the Nik\u0101yas","display_name":"The problem of aging in early Buddhism: Doctrinal meaning and contemporary implications of jar\u0101-mara\u1e47a in the Nik\u0101yas","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225327269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","pdf_url":"https://www.humanandculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/HNC-0102-02.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407057981","display_name":"Human and Culture","issn_l":"3140-1112","issn":["3140-1112"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human and Culture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.humanandculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/HNC-0102-02.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148608962","display_name":"Pilwon Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154421","display_name":"Dongguk University WISE","ror":"https://ror.org/01dsa5866","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536","https://openalex.org/I4387154421"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pilwon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, Liberal Arts and Convergence Education Institute, Dongguk University WISE Campus, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Liberal Arts and Convergence Education Institute, Dongguk University WISE Campus, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536","https://openalex.org/I4387154421"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5148608962"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536","https://openalex.org/I4387154421"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"69","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11563","display_name":"Indian and Buddhist Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11563","display_name":"Indian and Buddhist Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13150","display_name":"Study and Philosophy of Religion","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10362","display_name":"Biblical Studies and Interpretation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-buddhism","display_name":"early Buddhism","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pali-nikayas","display_name":"P\u0101li Nik\u0101yas","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dukkha","display_name":"dukkha","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependent-origination","display_name":"dependent origination","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paticcasamuppada","display_name":"paticcasamuppada","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anicca","display_name":"anicca","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatta","display_name":"anatta","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dhammapada","display_name":"Dhammapada","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethics-of-care","display_name":"care ethics","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"mental health","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiritual-well-being","display_name":"spiritual well-being","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gerontology","display_name":"gerontology","score":0.49900001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75699723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748","display_name":"Buddhism","level":2,"score":0.6834999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6175000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5992000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23987474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40634","display_name":"Philology","level":3,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781205572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380245","display_name":"Conditionality","level":3,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524757792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9441","display_name":"Gautama Buddha","level":3,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47385372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098943","display_name":"Optimal distinctiveness theory","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74992021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184876","display_name":"Frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1042156","display_name":"Close reading","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","pdf_url":"https://www.humanandculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/HNC-0102-02.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407057981","display_name":"Human and Culture","issn_l":"3140-1112","issn":["3140-1112"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human and Culture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66915/hnc.2026.1.2.2","pdf_url":"https://www.humanandculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/HNC-0102-02.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407057981","display_name":"Human and Culture","issn_l":"3140-1112","issn":["3140-1112"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human and Culture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225327269.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225327269.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2527898715","https://openalex.org/W2599844965","https://openalex.org/W2623858098","https://openalex.org/W2802105712","https://openalex.org/W2883404033","https://openalex.org/W2905739899","https://openalex.org/W3154276918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215659372","https://openalex.org/W6911413807","https://openalex.org/W2905739899","https://openalex.org/W7219983600","https://openalex.org/W2030716312","https://openalex.org/W4240504517","https://openalex.org/W416790640","https://openalex.org/W2994745430","https://openalex.org/W4399859068","https://openalex.org/W7212033196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,187,236],"examines":[2],"the":[3,14,22,44,75,81,92,96,103,107,114,117,130,136,140,155,174,179,192,203,219,222,258],"problem":[4],"of":[5,13,16,36,55,87,95,106,120,127,139,143,162,181,195,221,232,246,260],"aging":[6,31,49,190,204,242,273],"in":[7,21,129,210,271],"early":[8,45,121,239],"Buddhism":[9,240],"through":[10,191],"an":[11,244,249],"analysis":[12],"concept":[15,115],"jar\u0101-mara\u1e47a":[17,171],"(aging-death)":[18],"as":[19,33,52,59,123,135,173,230],"presented":[20],"P\u0101li":[23],"Nik\u0101yas.":[24],"While":[25],"contemporary":[26,272],"gerontology":[27],"tends":[28],"to":[29,39],"frame":[30],"primarily":[32],"a":[34,60,67,124,159,166,207],"process":[35],"biological":[37],"decline":[38],"be":[40],"managed":[41],"or":[42],"overcome,":[43],"Buddhist":[46],"texts":[47],"treat":[48],"and":[50,58,84,89,101,134,200,217,253,255,268],"death":[51,233],"inevitable":[53],"conditions":[54,182],"human":[56],"existence":[57],"starting":[61],"point":[62],"for":[63,251,263],"liberating":[64],"insight.":[65],"Employing":[66],"philological":[68],"approach":[69],"combined":[70],"with":[71,227],"comparative":[72],"reading":[73],"across":[74],"Nik\u0101yas,":[76],"this":[77,261],"study":[78,111],"first":[79],"analyzes":[80,218],"etymology,":[82],"usage,":[83],"canonical":[85,156],"definitions":[86],"jar\u0101":[88],"mara\u1e47a,":[90],"including":[91],"formulaic":[93],"definition":[94],"Mah\u0101satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na":[97],"Sutta":[98],"(DN":[99],"22),":[100],"clarifies":[102],"semantic":[104],"structure":[105],"compound":[108],"jar\u0101-mara\u1e47a.":[109],"The":[110,186,235],"then":[112,188],"locates":[113],"within":[116],"doctrinal":[118],"framework":[119],"Buddhism:":[122],"paradigmatic":[125],"mode":[126],"dukkha":[128],"First":[131],"Noble":[132],"Truth,":[133],"final":[137],"link":[138],"twelvefold":[141],"formula":[142,157],"dependent":[144],"arising":[145],"(pa\u1e6diccasamupp\u0101da),":[146],"conditioned":[147],"by":[148],"birth":[149],"(j\u0101ti).":[150],"It":[151],"is":[152,183],"argued":[153],"that":[154,170,202,238],"presents":[158],"directional":[160],"relation":[161],"conditionality":[163],"rather":[164],"than":[165],"symmetrical":[167],"interdependence,":[168],"so":[169],"functions":[172],"analytical":[175],"unit":[176],"from":[177,243],"which":[178,211],"chain":[180],"traced":[184],"backward.":[185],"interprets":[189],"Three":[193],"Marks":[194],"Existence\u2014impermanence":[196],"(anicca),":[197],"non-self":[198],"(anatt\u0101),":[199],"dukkha\u2014showing":[201],"body":[205],"offers":[206],"privileged":[208],"field":[209],"these":[212],"marks":[213],"are":[214],"experientially":[215],"verified,":[216],"Jar\u0101vagga":[220],"Dhammapada":[223],"(vv.":[224],"146\u2013156)":[225],"together":[226],"practices":[228],"such":[229],"mindfulness":[231],"(mara\u1e47asati).":[234],"concludes":[237],"transforms":[241],"object":[245],"avoidance":[247],"into":[248],"occasion":[250],"practice":[252],"insight,":[254],"draws":[256],"out":[257],"implications":[259],"understanding":[262],"mental":[264],"health,":[265],"care":[266],"ethics,":[267],"spiritual":[269],"well-being":[270],"societies.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}