{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225326836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","title":"Trends and Patterns in Childlessness by Age, Race and Ethnicity, and Education in the United States: A Research Note","display_name":"Trends and Patterns in Childlessness by Age, Race and Ethnicity, and Education in the United States: A Research Note","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225326836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1215/00703370-12904529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30543418","display_name":"Demography","issn_l":"0070-3370","issn":["0070-3370","1533-7790"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Demography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065521629","display_name":"Benjamin-Samuel Schl\u00fcter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-3448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-3448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120395","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgyam08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120395"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin-Samuel Schl\u00fcter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital and Computational Demography, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-3448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital and Computational Demography, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120395"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082972129","display_name":"Leslie Root","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7307-0734","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7307-0734"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie Root","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7307-0734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030201679","display_name":"Monica J. Alexander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-3435","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-3435"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monica Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistical Sciences and Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-3435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistical Sciences and Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065521629"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120395"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10600","display_name":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childlessness","display_name":"childlessness","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility-decline","display_name":"fertility decline","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort-comparison","display_name":"cohort comparison","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-and-ethnicity","display_name":"race and ethnicity","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-fertility","display_name":"female fertility","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421842","display_name":"Childlessness","level":4,"score":0.9667999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6473000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781289737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17070897","display_name":"National Survey of Family Growth","level":5,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776444593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610548","display_name":"Baby boom","level":3,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993757694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3254959","display_name":"Racial differences","level":3,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778555812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411042","display_name":"Age at first marriage","level":4,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986817661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185698","display_name":"Research methodology","level":3,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5195069","display_name":"Current Population Survey","level":3,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192091488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3048982","display_name":"Cohort effect","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28401147","display_name":"Black women","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1215/00703370-12904529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30543418","display_name":"Demography","issn_l":"0070-3370","issn":["0070-3370","1533-7790"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Demography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42986216","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Demography","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1215/00703370-12904529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12904529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30543418","display_name":"Demography","issn_l":"0070-3370","issn":["0070-3370","1533-7790"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Demography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7129623218","https://openalex.org/W1982965324","https://openalex.org/W2020283307","https://openalex.org/W7116448754","https://openalex.org/W7111420610","https://openalex.org/W2185277685","https://openalex.org/W2065155427","https://openalex.org/W1990197826","https://openalex.org/W1989314363","https://openalex.org/W2760225427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2],"Bayesian":[3],"parametric":[4],"model":[5],"to":[6,21,66,75],"estimate":[7],"the":[8,53,73],"percentage":[9],"of":[10,31,55],"childless":[11,35],"U.S.":[12],"women":[13,25,32,56],"across":[14,38],"age.":[15],"There":[16],"have":[17],"been":[18],"substantial":[19,50],"changes":[20],"childbearing":[22],"trajectories":[23],"for":[24],"born":[26],"in":[27,41,70,72],"1950-1999.":[28],"The":[29],"share":[30,54],"who":[33],"are":[34],"has":[36,46],"increased":[37],"most":[39],"ages":[40],"younger":[42],"cohorts.":[43],"This":[44],"increase":[45],"not":[47],"yet":[48],"had":[49],"effects":[51],"on":[52],"without":[57],"children":[58],"at":[59,81],"age":[60,82],"45.":[61,83],"Young":[62],"cohorts":[63],"would":[64],"need":[65],"experience":[67],"significant":[68],"rises":[69],"births":[71],"30s":[74],"match":[76],"earlier":[77],"cohorts'":[78],"low":[79],"childlessness":[80]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
