{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225326290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065","title":"Adaptive Task Offloading Under Dynamic Topology via Graph Attention-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Layered UAV-Enabled Digital Twin Channel Modeling","display_name":"Adaptive Task Offloading Under Dynamic Topology via Graph Attention-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Layered UAV-Enabled Digital Twin Channel Modeling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225326290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/math14214065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160912367","display_name":"Yifei Wei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109792783","display_name":"Taiming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1555-748X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1555-748X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017351306","display_name":"Miao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-266X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-266X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-266X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017351306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"4065","last_page":"4065"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9106000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9106000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.04450000077486038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.04259999841451645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-offloading","display_name":"task offloading","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-networks","display_name":"UAV networks","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-of-information","display_name":"age of information","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-attention-networks","display_name":"graph attention networks","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"reinforcement learning","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-topology","display_name":"dynamic topology","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-servers","display_name":"edge servers","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-delay","display_name":"service delay","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-masking","display_name":"action masking","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7394999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6295999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072483","display_name":"Channel allocation schemes","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137471899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11381","display_name":"Local area network","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/math14214065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/math14214065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7222811844","https://openalex.org/W7151280035","https://openalex.org/W7131248848","https://openalex.org/W7127714875","https://openalex.org/W4385300492","https://openalex.org/W4385194790","https://openalex.org/W4393059673","https://openalex.org/W4400788454","https://openalex.org/W4417282263","https://openalex.org/W7134041258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"considers":[2],"the":[3,33,93,100,104,124],"timely":[4],"delivery":[5],"of":[6,57,89,115,132,136,158],"channel":[7,13],"measurements":[8],"for":[9,85,152],"digital":[10],"twin":[11],"(DT)":[12],"modeling":[14],"in":[15],"dynamic":[16],"wireless":[17],"environments.":[18],"Layered":[19],"uncrewed":[20],"aerial":[21],"vehicle":[22],"(UAV)":[23],"networks":[24],"can":[25],"separate":[26],"sensing,":[27],"offloading,":[28],"and":[29,40,64,67,81,139,150,161],"edge":[30,37],"processing,":[31],"but":[32],"active":[34],"UAVs,":[35,99],"available":[36],"servers":[38],"(ESs),":[39],"feasible":[41],"service":[42,60,137],"links":[43],"may":[44],"vary":[45],"over":[46],"time.":[47],"We":[48],"formulate":[49],"a":[50,86],"dynamic-topology":[51],"task-offloading":[52],"problem":[53],"involving":[54],"edge-reception":[55],"age":[56],"information":[58],"(AoI),":[59],"delay,":[61,138],"offloading":[62,142],"failures,":[63],"local":[65,74],"backlog,":[66],"propose":[68],"DTGA-RL.":[69],"Its":[70],"coordinated":[71],"design":[72],"combines":[73],"graph-attention":[75],"encoding,":[76],"shared":[77],"candidate-wise":[78],"action-value":[79],"evaluation,":[80],"feasibility-aware":[82],"action":[83],"masking":[84],"variable":[87],"set":[88],"candidate":[90],"ESs.":[91],"In":[92],"reported":[94],"tests":[95],"with":[96],"15\u201327":[97],"working":[98],"policy":[101],"trained":[102],"at":[103,168,175],"default":[105],"15-UAV":[106],"scale":[107],"is":[108,173],"evaluated":[109],"without":[110],"retraining;":[111],"task":[112],"data":[113],"sizes":[114],"0.35\u20130.95":[116],"Mbit/slot":[117],"are":[118,128],"also":[119],"tested.":[120],"At":[121],"0.95":[122],"Mbit/slot,":[123],"plotted":[125],"DTGA-RL":[126],"values":[127],"approximately":[129],"34.9":[130],"slots":[131],"AoI,":[133],"3.13":[134],"s":[135],"an":[140],"0.106":[141],"failure":[143],"rate,":[144],"versus":[145],"35.3":[146],"slots,":[147],"3.85":[148],"s,":[149],"0.134":[151],"FixedRL,":[153],"corresponding":[154],"to":[155],"approximate":[156],"reductions":[157],"1.1%,":[159],"18.7%,":[160],"20.7%,":[162],"respectively.":[163],"The":[164],"performance":[165],"gap":[166],"narrows":[167],"higher":[169],"UAV":[170],"counts.":[171],"AoI":[172],"measured":[174],"ES":[176],"reception.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
