{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225326235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","title":"TriFusion-Karst: A spatially robust and hydrogeologically validated stacked-ensemble model for groundwater potential assessment","display_name":"TriFusion-Karst: A spatially robust and hydrogeologically validated stacked-ensemble model for groundwater potential assessment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225326235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198573919","display_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","issn_l":"1866-6280","issn":["1866-6280","1866-6299"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053421026","display_name":"Saeid Pourmorad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-9400","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-9400"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098910","display_name":"Centro de Estudos em Geografia e Ordenamento do Territorio","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97d044","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098910"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Pourmorad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098910","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109355742","display_name":"Mostafa Kabolizade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6058-822X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6058-822X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196051555","display_name":"Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz","ror":"https://ror.org/01k3mbs15","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196051555"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Kabolizade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196051555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043213434","display_name":"Rui Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7653-0639","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7653-0639"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098910","display_name":"Centro de Estudos em Geografia e Ordenamento do Territorio","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97d044","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098910"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098910","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077242417","display_name":"Luca Ant\u00f3nio Dimuccio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3889-2492","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3889-2492"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098910","display_name":"Centro de Estudos em Geografia e Ordenamento do Territorio","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97d044","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098910"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca Antonio Dimuccio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3889-2492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098910","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043213434","https://openalex.org/A5053421026","https://openalex.org/A5077242417","https://openalex.org/A5109355742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196051555","https://openalex.org/I4210098910","https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"85","issue":"17","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12543","display_name":"Groundwater and Watershed Analysis","score":0.5791000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12543","display_name":"Groundwater and Watershed Analysis","score":0.5791000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12083","display_name":"Karst Systems and Hydrogeology","score":0.38530001044273376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-potential-mapping","display_name":"groundwater potential mapping","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karst-aquifers","display_name":"karst aquifers","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking-ensemble","display_name":"stacking ensemble","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightgbm","display_name":"LightGBM","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-arid-region","display_name":"semi-arid region","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karst-springs","display_name":"karst springs","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relief-energy","display_name":"relief energy","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-intensity","display_name":"fracture density","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drainage-density","display_name":"drainage density","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evapotranspiration","display_name":"evapotranspiration","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-stability","display_name":"model stability","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33556824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179509","display_name":"Hydrogeology","level":2,"score":0.8187000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.6912999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182348080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16817","display_name":"Karst","level":2,"score":0.6588000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.5343999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5297999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.524399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67592535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7481320","display_name":"Drainage","level":2,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122792734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6538759","display_name":"Lithology","level":2,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176650113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370689","display_name":"Groundwater model","level":5,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776797426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15755805","display_name":"Biogeosciences","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176503865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381220","display_name":"Environmental engineering science","level":3,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39769621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3342272","display_name":"Water table","level":3,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78302586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6716996","display_name":"MODFLOW","level":5,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92596616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1826413","display_name":"Lineament","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12129029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611025","display_name":"Groundwater discharge","level":5,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198573919","display_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","issn_l":"1866-6280","issn":["1866-6280","1866-6299"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-026-13161-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198573919","display_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","issn_l":"1866-6280","issn":["1866-6280","1866-6299"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.7696999907493591,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2097626477","display_name":"Predicting the spatial distribution of karst groundwater resources potential in Iran using machine learning and GIS: An investigation in the Khuzestan province (Zagros basin)","funder_award_id":"UI/BD/154881/2023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5820883737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/04084/2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225326235.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225326235.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1569736468","https://openalex.org/W1970079702","https://openalex.org/W1970838043","https://openalex.org/W1982171979","https://openalex.org/W2000896024","https://openalex.org/W2015347938","https://openalex.org/W2033904036","https://openalex.org/W2039240409","https://openalex.org/W2042951326","https://openalex.org/W2043074624","https://openalex.org/W2084491844","https://openalex.org/W2097909127","https://openalex.org/W2109567422","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2477078832","https://openalex.org/W2600926735","https://openalex.org/W2731040012","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2892823155","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W3008402477","https://openalex.org/W3022338529","https://openalex.org/W3199481757","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4234750113","https://openalex.org/W4280557423","https://openalex.org/W4281719150","https://openalex.org/W4283448636","https://openalex.org/W4293200935","https://openalex.org/W4297927379","https://openalex.org/W4313532408","https://openalex.org/W4317402177","https://openalex.org/W4320883163","https://openalex.org/W4353042006","https://openalex.org/W4381618850","https://openalex.org/W4381854630","https://openalex.org/W4385270875","https://openalex.org/W4385766910","https://openalex.org/W4386364869","https://openalex.org/W4388533334","https://openalex.org/W4391811220","https://openalex.org/W4393188748","https://openalex.org/W4394784492","https://openalex.org/W4402132303","https://openalex.org/W4402319533","https://openalex.org/W4402494553","https://openalex.org/W4405399305","https://openalex.org/W4407784958","https://openalex.org/W4407973847","https://openalex.org/W4408361421","https://openalex.org/W4409323757","https://openalex.org/W4409330742","https://openalex.org/W4409618778","https://openalex.org/W4409766511","https://openalex.org/W4410283232","https://openalex.org/W4410506502","https://openalex.org/W4410753143","https://openalex.org/W4412530866","https://openalex.org/W4416500976","https://openalex.org/W4416791527","https://openalex.org/W4416918926","https://openalex.org/W4417059739","https://openalex.org/W4417326945","https://openalex.org/W7117479620","https://openalex.org/W7117581280","https://openalex.org/W7117967198","https://openalex.org/W7118020437","https://openalex.org/W7118479024","https://openalex.org/W7118988516","https://openalex.org/W7119108180","https://openalex.org/W7119480167","https://openalex.org/W7119499401","https://openalex.org/W7119506513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7167726945","https://openalex.org/W7165517775","https://openalex.org/W3014443825","https://openalex.org/W3199481757","https://openalex.org/W3194331235","https://openalex.org/W7140184699","https://openalex.org/W4410243071","https://openalex.org/W3172019189","https://openalex.org/W2093355496","https://openalex.org/W4313532408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Groundwater":[1],"potential":[2],"mapping":[3],"in":[4],"semi-arid":[5],"karst":[6,157],"regions":[7],"is":[8],"often":[9],"compromised":[10],"by":[11,99],"spatially":[12,47,90],"optimistic":[13],"validation,":[14],"limited":[15],"assessment":[16],"of":[17,137,144,178],"predictive":[18,150],"variability,":[19],"and":[20,34,39,49,63,71,79,83,122,170,197,214],"insufficient":[21],"independent":[22],"hydrogeological":[23],"verification.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26,180],"introduces":[27],"TriFusion-Karst,":[28],"a":[29,46,208],"stacked-ensemble":[30],"model":[31,145,161],"using":[32,88,132,154],"RF":[33],"LightGBM":[35],"as":[36,41,74,141],"base":[37],"learners":[38],"XGBoost":[40],"the":[42,75,105,133,168,179,200],"meta-learner,":[43],"embedded":[44],"within":[45,167],"robust":[48],"hydrogeologically":[50],"validated":[51],"workflow.":[52],"Thirteen":[53],"geo-environmental":[54],"predictors":[55],"were":[56,69,86,199],"extracted":[57],"at":[58],"7,313":[59],"groundwater":[60,216,221],"monitoring":[61],"wells,":[62],"GTD":[64],"observations":[65],"collected":[66],"during":[67],"2018\u20132024":[68],"pooled":[70],"used":[72],"exclusively":[73],"regression":[76],"target.":[77],"TriFusion-Karst":[78,103],"six":[80],"alternative":[81],"standalone":[82],"ensemble":[84],"configurations":[85],"evaluated":[87],"five-fold":[89],"blocked":[91],"cross-validation":[92],"with":[93],"leakage-controlled":[94],"out-of-fold":[95],"meta-feature":[96],"generation,":[97],"followed":[98],"30-m":[100],"spatial":[101,127],"prediction.":[102],"achieved":[104],"best":[106],"performance":[107],"(RMSE":[108],"=":[109,113,117,120,124,183],"1.47":[110],"m,":[111,115],"MAE":[112],"0.99":[114],"R\u00b2":[116],"0.930,":[118],"NSE":[119],"0.926,":[121],"r":[123],"0.964).":[125],"Fold-wise":[126],"prediction":[128],"variability":[129],"was":[130],"quantified":[131],"pixel-wise":[134],"standard":[135],"deviation":[136],"five":[138],"fold-specific":[139],"predictions":[140],"an":[142],"indicator":[143],"stability":[146],"rather":[147,223],"than":[148,224],"total":[149],"uncertainty.":[151],"Independent":[152],"validation":[153],"250":[155],"mapped":[156],"springs":[158],"excluded":[159],"from":[160],"development":[162],"showed":[163],"that":[164],"91.3%":[165],"occurred":[166],"High":[169,172],"Very":[171],"groundwater-potential":[173],"classes,":[174],"which":[175],"covered":[176],"42.6%":[177],"area":[181],"(SRI":[182],"2.14;":[184],"p":[185],"<":[186],"0.001;":[187],"1,000":[188],"permutations).":[189],"Relief":[190],"energy,":[191],"evapotranspiration,":[192],"fracture":[193],"density,":[194,196],"drainage":[195],"lithology":[198],"most":[201],"influential":[202],"predictors.":[203],"The":[204],"resulting":[205],"maps":[206],"provide":[207],"reproducible":[209],"basis":[210],"for":[211],"regional":[212],"screening":[213],"preliminary":[215],"prioritisation":[217],"but":[218],"represent":[219],"relative":[220],"favourability":[222],"aquifer":[225],"productivity":[226],"or":[227],"sustainable":[228],"yield.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}