{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225325853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987","title":"Radionuclidic Impurity Pathways in Cyclotron Production: Insights from 18F and Emerging Theranostic Radionuclides","display_name":"Radionuclidic Impurity Pathways in Cyclotron Production: Insights from 18F and Emerging Theranostic Radionuclides","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225325853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31213987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010390035","display_name":"Teresa Jakubowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-7727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-7727","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-8616"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110173","display_name":"Copernicus Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01m32d953","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110173"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122071","display_name":"Medical University of Lodz","ror":"https://ror.org/02t4ekc95","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122071"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Teresa Jakubowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Lindleya 6, 90-131 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","Department of Medical Physics, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz Comprehensive Cancer Center and Traumatology, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-8616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Lindleya 6, 90-131 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122071"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Physics, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz Comprehensive Cancer Center and Traumatology, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050548262","display_name":"Magdalena D\u0142ugosz\u2010Lisiecka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-049X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-049X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188884621","display_name":"Lodz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s8fpf52","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188884621"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdalena D\u0142ugosz-Lisiecka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wr\u00f3blewskiego 15, 90-924 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-049X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wr\u00f3blewskiego 15, 90-924 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188884621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160908101","display_name":"Jaros\u0142aw Jankowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8515-3229","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8515-3229"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaros\u0142aw Jankowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, \u017bo\u0142nierska 18, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8515-3229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, \u017bo\u0142nierska 18, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064396043","display_name":"Micha\u0142 Biega\u0142a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-5912","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-5912"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110173","display_name":"Copernicus Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01m32d953","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110173"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122071","display_name":"Medical University of Lodz","ror":"https://ror.org/02t4ekc95","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122071"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micha\u0142 Biega\u0142a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Lindleya 6, 90-131 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","Department of Medical Physics, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz Comprehensive Cancer Center and Traumatology, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-5912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Lindleya 6, 90-131 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122071"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Physics, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz Comprehensive Cancer Center and Traumatology, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110173"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010390035"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110173","https://openalex.org/I4210122071"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"21","first_page":"3987","last_page":"3987"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11395","display_name":"Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11395","display_name":"Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13561","display_name":"Chemical Reactions and Isotopes","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclotron-production","display_name":"cyclotron production","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radionuclidic-impurities","display_name":"radionuclidic impurities","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorine-18","display_name":"fluorine-18","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theranostic-radionuclides","display_name":"theranostic radionuclides","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-products","display_name":"activation products","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impurity-formation-mechanism","display_name":"impurity formation mechanism","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impurity-transfer","display_name":"impurity transfer","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiosynthesis","display_name":"radiotracer synthesis","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radionuclide-purification","display_name":"radionuclide purification","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radioactive-waste-management","display_name":"nuclear waste management","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-protection","display_name":"radiation protection","score":0.5270000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158973077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192900","display_name":"Radionuclide","level":2,"score":0.7892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177322064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750955","display_name":"Radiochemistry","level":1,"score":0.6815000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164304813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25276","display_name":"Isotope","level":2,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71987851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7216430","display_name":"Impurity","level":2,"score":0.542900025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39527238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204469","display_name":"Cyclotron","level":3,"score":0.5274999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89690796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185252","display_name":"Radioactive waste","level":2,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172593403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191637","display_name":"Decay product","level":3,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111337013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737837","display_name":"Irradiation","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162356407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180809","display_name":"Mass spectrometry","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206191943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238323","display_name":"Nuclear reaction","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148898269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792","display_name":"Kinetics","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135788738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19577","display_name":"Actinide","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020792226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331083","display_name":"Human use","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C499713411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q979","display_name":"Polonium","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12989632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202651","display_name":"Nuclear transmutation","level":3,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31213987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31213987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31213987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":146,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1753220691","https://openalex.org/W1975063092","https://openalex.org/W1993629001","https://openalex.org/W2021465320","https://openalex.org/W2024223658","https://openalex.org/W2026980076","https://openalex.org/W2030766393","https://openalex.org/W2041981481","https://openalex.org/W2042854000","https://openalex.org/W2047203247","https://openalex.org/W2064750199","https://openalex.org/W2077831697","https://openalex.org/W2078014854","https://openalex.org/W2081338757","https://openalex.org/W2081342636","https://openalex.org/W2084167683","https://openalex.org/W2151264485","https://openalex.org/W2190700053","https://openalex.org/W2194153492","https://openalex.org/W2196543550","https://openalex.org/W2345873306","https://openalex.org/W2530633907","https://openalex.org/W2592577586","https://openalex.org/W2597509411","https://openalex.org/W2607481734","https://openalex.org/W2608020961","https://openalex.org/W2762566975","https://openalex.org/W2768647321","https://openalex.org/W2768812434","https://openalex.org/W2792183540","https://openalex.org/W2794527694","https://openalex.org/W2809287866","https://openalex.org/W2810995864","https://openalex.org/W2883261952","https://openalex.org/W2884607651","https://openalex.org/W2890891739","https://openalex.org/W2896482825","https://openalex.org/W2905499482","https://openalex.org/W2913754566","https://openalex.org/W2915029649","https://openalex.org/W2915067519","https://openalex.org/W2933730464","https://openalex.org/W2936549236","https://openalex.org/W2942428427","https://openalex.org/W2943278502","https://openalex.org/W2958305373","https://openalex.org/W2971317179","https://openalex.org/W2971568759","https://openalex.org/W2983379295","https://openalex.org/W3000729111","https://openalex.org/W3001606438","https://openalex.org/W3006858057","https://openalex.org/W3007683891","https://openalex.org/W3007884588","https://openalex.org/W3013503684","https://openalex.org/W3016538592","https://openalex.org/W3019254421","https://openalex.org/W3043815317","https://openalex.org/W3080963337","https://openalex.org/W3088535085","https://openalex.org/W3090562573","https://openalex.org/W3092063848","https://openalex.org/W3093379391","https://openalex.org/W3093389709","https://openalex.org/W3097405835","https://openalex.org/W3099118414","https://openalex.org/W3100386608","https://openalex.org/W3101863331","https://openalex.org/W3103909201","https://openalex.org/W3111997102","https://openalex.org/W3112653960","https://openalex.org/W3126876376","https://openalex.org/W3135558062","https://openalex.org/W3138382237","https://openalex.org/W3138466535","https://openalex.org/W3159090191","https://openalex.org/W3162520346","https://openalex.org/W3177740248","https://openalex.org/W3180994569","https://openalex.org/W3192906491","https://openalex.org/W3203350239","https://openalex.org/W3212940976","https://openalex.org/W3214100654","https://openalex.org/W4200078833","https://openalex.org/W4200097730","https://openalex.org/W4210407822","https://openalex.org/W4210842129","https://openalex.org/W4220892740","https://openalex.org/W4229050595","https://openalex.org/W4280565366","https://openalex.org/W4282563479","https://openalex.org/W4290653163","https://openalex.org/W4296613569","https://openalex.org/W4311041194","https://openalex.org/W4313244478","https://openalex.org/W4316038660","https://openalex.org/W4319786675","https://openalex.org/W4321377547","https://openalex.org/W4322102561","https://openalex.org/W4366206811","https://openalex.org/W4367054546","https://openalex.org/W4380078042","https://openalex.org/W4382680859","https://openalex.org/W4383164073","https://openalex.org/W4385805703","https://openalex.org/W4386347045","https://openalex.org/W4386811968","https://openalex.org/W4387047595","https://openalex.org/W4387777164","https://openalex.org/W4388812797","https://openalex.org/W4390176090","https://openalex.org/W4390277158","https://openalex.org/W4390617060","https://openalex.org/W4390630072","https://openalex.org/W4391618280","https://openalex.org/W4392133475","https://openalex.org/W4392915542","https://openalex.org/W4392985701","https://openalex.org/W4399102396","https://openalex.org/W4399272671","https://openalex.org/W4401799130","https://openalex.org/W4403417455","https://openalex.org/W4403445595","https://openalex.org/W4405495031","https://openalex.org/W4405528961","https://openalex.org/W4405692412","https://openalex.org/W4406570379","https://openalex.org/W4406639937","https://openalex.org/W4407126363","https://openalex.org/W4409563424","https://openalex.org/W4410287972","https://openalex.org/W4410306544","https://openalex.org/W4411243285","https://openalex.org/W4412618531","https://openalex.org/W4412810159","https://openalex.org/W4413112548","https://openalex.org/W4414801889","https://openalex.org/W4416425591","https://openalex.org/W7115182162","https://openalex.org/W7117292644","https://openalex.org/W7117361579","https://openalex.org/W7128795197","https://openalex.org/W7131876234","https://openalex.org/W7133183418","https://openalex.org/W7160110650","https://openalex.org/W7163318557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391168401","https://openalex.org/W4366206811","https://openalex.org/W1603642665","https://openalex.org/W2619727209","https://openalex.org/W1975063092","https://openalex.org/W2942428427","https://openalex.org/W4282038641","https://openalex.org/W4400492650","https://openalex.org/W2190700053","https://openalex.org/W7217995933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"(1)":[0],"Cyclotron":[1],"production":[2],"of":[3,35,64,72,117,153,168],"medical":[4],"radionuclides":[5,179],"can":[6,97,180],"generate":[7],"unintended":[8],"radionuclidic":[9],"impurities,":[10,51],"influencing":[11],"product":[12,170],"quality,":[13],"radiation":[14],"safety,":[15],"and":[16,33,47,52,59,91,107,115,121,138,144,161],"radioactive":[17],"waste":[18,92],"management.":[19,93],"This":[20],"review":[21],"aims":[22],"to":[23],"establish":[24],"a":[25,56,78],"general":[26],"mechanistic":[27],"framework":[28],"for":[29,81],"the":[30,104,130,135,169,188],"formation,":[31],"transfer,":[32,88],"control":[34],"such":[36],"impurities.":[37],"(2)":[38],"We":[39],"identified":[40],"published":[41],"data":[42],"on":[43,127],"theranostic":[44],"radionuclides,":[45],"liquid-":[46],"solid-target":[48],"production,":[49],"18F-associated":[50],"activation":[53,116],"products":[54],"through":[55,87],"Scopus":[57],"search":[58],"reference":[60,79],"screening.":[61],"A":[62],"total":[63],"147":[65],"publications":[66],"were":[67],"qualitatively":[68],"synthesized.":[69],"(3)":[70],"Production":[71],"18F":[73,148],"from":[74,85,129],"H218O":[75],"served":[76],"as":[77],"model":[80,149],"tracing":[82],"impurity":[83],"pathways":[84],"irradiation":[86],"purification,":[89],"radiosynthesis,":[90],"Three":[94],"principal":[95],"sources":[96],"be":[98,157,182],"distinguished:":[99],"competing":[100],"nuclear":[101],"reactions":[102,110],"involving":[103,111],"target":[105,118],"isotope":[106],"residual":[108],"isotopes;":[109],"other":[112],"target-matrix":[113],"constituents;":[114],"windows,":[119],"bodies,":[120],"auxiliary":[122],"materials.":[123],"Impurity":[124],"fate":[125],"depends":[126],"release":[128],"formation":[131],"site,":[132],"transfer":[133],"into":[134],"processing":[136],"stream,":[137],"retention":[139],"or":[140],"removal":[141],"during":[142],"purification":[143],"radiosynthesis.":[145],"(4)":[146],"The":[147],"demonstrates":[150],"that":[151],"all":[152],"these":[154],"stages":[155],"should":[156],"considered":[158],"when":[159],"designing":[160],"validating":[162],"new":[163],"cyclotron-production":[164],"routes.":[165],"Co-produced":[166],"isotopes":[167],"element":[171],"require":[172],"predominantly":[173],"upstream":[174],"control,":[175],"whereas":[176],"chemically":[177],"distinct":[178],"often":[181],"separated":[183],"but":[184],"are":[185],"redistributed":[186],"within":[187],"manufacturing":[189],"system.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}