{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225324686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319","title":"An Explainable Physics-Guided Deep Learning Framework for Sustainable Heritage-Building Retrofit and Lifecycle-Carbon Optimisation","display_name":"An Explainable Physics-Guided Deep Learning Framework for Sustainable Heritage-Building Retrofit and Lifecycle-Carbon Optimisation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225324686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092696857","display_name":"Thilina Ganganath Weerakoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4383-7242","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4383-7242"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167420956","display_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x3e4q36","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thilina Ganganath Weerakoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4383-7242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117773850","display_name":"Keshmin Senaratna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8281-8759","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8281-8759"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201787326","display_name":"Riga Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00twb6c09","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keshmin Senaratna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Information Technology, and Energy, Riga Technical University, 10 Zunda Krastmala, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8281-8759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Information Technology, and Energy, Riga Technical University, 10 Zunda Krastmala, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023685122","display_name":"J\u0101nis Zvirgzdi\u0146\u0161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-0145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-0145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201787326","display_name":"Riga Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00twb6c09","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Janis Zvirgzdins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Str., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-0145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Str., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009477087","display_name":"Ineta Geipele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-087X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-087X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201787326","display_name":"Riga Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00twb6c09","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ineta Geipele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Str., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2963-087X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Str., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014029526","display_name":"Sanda Geipele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4721-5944","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4721-5944"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201787326","display_name":"Riga Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00twb6c09","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanda Lapuke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Str., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4721-5944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Str., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104160926","display_name":"Sulaksha Wimalasena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9866-7459","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9866-7459"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167420956","display_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x3e4q36","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sulaksha Wimalasena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9866-7459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167420956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160738301","display_name":"Praseetha Cheriyam Veettil","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201787326","display_name":"Riga Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00twb6c09","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Praseetha Cheriyam Veettil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Str., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, 6A Kipsalas Str., LV-1048 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009477087","https://openalex.org/A5023685122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"11319","last_page":"11319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13263","display_name":"Building energy efficiency and sustainability","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-quantification","display_name":"uncertainty quantification","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-uncertainty","display_name":"ensemble uncertainty","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-forecasting","display_name":"energy forecasting","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-comfort","display_name":"thermal comfort","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-transformer","display_name":"temporal transformer","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sobol-sampling","display_name":"Sobol sampling","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-heritage-preservation","display_name":"cultural heritage preservation","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decarbonization","display_name":"decarbonization","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support","display_name":"decision support","score":0.5070000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24662","display_name":"Retrofitting","level":2,"score":0.8016999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.603600025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147021879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027971","display_name":"Decile","level":2,"score":0.5608999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121217528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523256","display_name":"Sustainable design","level":3,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7250000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1109004009","https://openalex.org/W1832443407","https://openalex.org/W1995735211","https://openalex.org/W2001983186","https://openalex.org/W2035906911","https://openalex.org/W2041206638","https://openalex.org/W2075349917","https://openalex.org/W2171168419","https://openalex.org/W2277431099","https://openalex.org/W2311528424","https://openalex.org/W2561538711","https://openalex.org/W2610317852","https://openalex.org/W2754029504","https://openalex.org/W2802644041","https://openalex.org/W2894380868","https://openalex.org/W2903925216","https://openalex.org/W2906033034","https://openalex.org/W2945120662","https://openalex.org/W2947064686","https://openalex.org/W2947489409","https://openalex.org/W2979990517","https://openalex.org/W2980502190","https://openalex.org/W2989959769","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3024478422","https://openalex.org/W3034866555","https://openalex.org/W3037446181","https://openalex.org/W3082341199","https://openalex.org/W3102100346","https://openalex.org/W3122220845","https://openalex.org/W3134703042","https://openalex.org/W3163993681","https://openalex.org/W3171375056","https://openalex.org/W3176033047","https://openalex.org/W3177765094","https://openalex.org/W3183048323","https://openalex.org/W3198760207","https://openalex.org/W4288084045","https://openalex.org/W4308311923","https://openalex.org/W4313578093","https://openalex.org/W4315864862","https://openalex.org/W4322621694","https://openalex.org/W4322730398","https://openalex.org/W4381888554","https://openalex.org/W4382865577","https://openalex.org/W4385093869","https://openalex.org/W4386129879","https://openalex.org/W4387343567","https://openalex.org/W4387770730","https://openalex.org/W4389220939","https://openalex.org/W4402905979","https://openalex.org/W4403015777","https://openalex.org/W4405660012","https://openalex.org/W4407636895","https://openalex.org/W4409234566","https://openalex.org/W4410896376","https://openalex.org/W4415535116","https://openalex.org/W7221613312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415612280","https://openalex.org/W7219038058","https://openalex.org/W4389573014","https://openalex.org/W4416358277","https://openalex.org/W3201121713","https://openalex.org/W7153792037","https://openalex.org/W6963199709","https://openalex.org/W6945136512","https://openalex.org/W7128688170","https://openalex.org/W2979837955"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrofitting":[0],"heritage":[1,28,97,170],"buildings":[2],"promotes":[3,168],"sustainable":[4,169],"development":[5],"by":[6,157,173],"balancing":[7],"decarbonisation":[8],"with":[9],"lifetime":[10,155],"implications":[11],"on":[12],"cultural":[13,177],"conservation,":[14],"comfort,":[15],"and":[16,30,39,62,81,109,119,138,154,159,179],"resource":[17],"efficiency.":[18],"Existing":[19],"data-driven":[20],"techniques":[21],"emphasise":[22],"accuracy":[23],"over":[24],"conveying":[25],"physical-consistency":[26],"uncertainty,":[27,61],"limitations,":[29],"embedded":[31],"operational-carbon":[32],"trade-offs.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35],"introduces":[36],"Adaptive":[37],"Retrofit":[38],"Conservation":[40],"for":[41,76,95,106],"Heritage":[42],"Energy":[43],"Resilience":[44],"(ARCHER),":[45],"an":[46],"explainable":[47],"physics-guided":[48],"deep":[49],"learning":[50],"framework":[51],"that":[52,73],"combines":[53],"reduced-order":[54],"physics":[55],"lifecycle-carbon":[56],"accounting,":[57],"temporal":[58],"representation,":[59],"ensemble":[60],"constrained":[63],"multi-objective":[64],"optimisation.":[65],"ARCHER":[66,99,167],"translates":[67],"dual-target":[68],"forecasts":[69],"into":[70],"retrofit":[71],"alternatives":[72],"are":[74],"evaluated":[75],"moisture":[77],"legacy":[78],"impact":[79],"cost":[80],"discomfort":[82],"before":[83],"recalculating":[84],"Pareto":[85,146],"solutions":[86,151],"using":[87],"the":[88,113,124,130,164],"governing":[89],"equations.":[90],"In":[91],"8192":[92],"Sobol-sampled":[93],"scenarios":[94],"one":[96],"building,":[98],"attained":[100],"domain":[101],"R2":[102],"values":[103],"of":[104],"0.9986":[105],"supplied":[107],"energy":[108,153],"lifespan":[110],"carbon.":[111],"Although":[112],"Temporal":[114],"Transformer":[115],"had":[116],"lower":[117],"errors":[118],"ARCHER\u2019s":[120],"intervals":[121],"remained":[122],"undercalibrated,":[123],"uncertainty":[125],"ranking":[126],"lowered":[127],"RMSE":[128],"in":[129],"least-uncertain":[131],"decile":[132],"to":[133,163],"1.51":[134],"kWh":[135],"m\u22122":[136],"year\u22121":[137],"15.40":[139],"kgCO2e":[140],"m\u22122.":[141],"Exact":[142],"recalculation":[143],"kept":[144],"42":[145],"optimum":[147],"possibilities,":[148],"whereas":[149],"balanced":[150],"cut":[152],"carbon":[156],"84.3%":[158],"88.1%,":[160],"respectively,":[161],"compared":[162],"no-action":[165],"baseline.":[166],"decision":[171],"support":[172],"integrating":[174],"environmental":[175],"performance,":[176],"compatibility,":[178],"risk":[180],"screening.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}