{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225324225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520","title":"Stratification and Integration in the Key Research Specialty of Women in Science and Engineering, Over Time","display_name":"Stratification and Integration in the Key Research Specialty of Women in Science and Engineering, Over Time","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225324225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/qss.a.520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195326","display_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","issn_l":"2641-3337","issn":["2641-3337"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103171150","display_name":"Mary Frank Fox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6058-6435","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6058-6435"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mary Frank Fox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6058-6435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036671468","display_name":"Gerhard Sonnert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4138-2044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4138-2044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124175","display_name":"Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian","ror":"https://ror.org/03c3r2d17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerhard Sonnert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Astrophysics Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4138-2044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Astrophysics Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120526199","display_name":"Emma Menardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-6760","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-6760"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Menardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-6760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048116702","display_name":"Derek A. Mcnutt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3847-9910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3847-9910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek McNutt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3847-9910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103171150"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13284","display_name":"Psychology Research and Bibliometrics","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13976","display_name":"Web visibility and informetrics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-stem","display_name":"women in STEM","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-and-science","display_name":"gender and science","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-authorship","display_name":"co-authorship","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication-productivity","display_name":"publication productivity","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-analysis","display_name":"citation analysis","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/author-affiliation","display_name":"author affiliation","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality-in-academia","display_name":"gender inequality in academia","score":0.6010000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20387591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930752","display_name":"Specialty","level":2,"score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192943249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893382","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","level":5,"score":0.6104000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5432000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779433544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435226","display_name":"Focal point","level":3,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178315738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603441","display_name":"Bibliometrics","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994533747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891097","display_name":"Gender inequality","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/qss.a.520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195326","display_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","issn_l":"2641-3337","issn":["2641-3337"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/qss.a.520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss.a.520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195326","display_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","issn_l":"2641-3337","issn":["2641-3337"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303},{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2593985205","https://openalex.org/W4400603791","https://openalex.org/W2989842948","https://openalex.org/W2213286173","https://openalex.org/W2086783971","https://openalex.org/W1981324335","https://openalex.org/W2021966517","https://openalex.org/W4416807703","https://openalex.org/W2599765503","https://openalex.org/W3183355702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"examine":[2],"the":[3,20,35,61,64,101,109,155,178],"features":[4,62],"of":[5,10,15,23,34,63,66,68,70,104,111,124,164,180],"focal":[6,140,156],"and":[7,27,44,72,81,95,107,114,141,151,160,162,166,176,185,193],"non-focal":[8,142],"groups":[9,65],"authors":[11,110,190],"(measured":[12],"by":[13,139],"thresholds":[14],"their":[16,115],"publication":[17,148],"counts)":[18],"in":[19,25,37,129,146,158,188,191],"research":[21,57],"specialty":[22,30,102,126],"women":[24],"science":[26],"engineering.":[28],"This":[29],"is":[31],"important":[32],"because":[33],"ways":[36],"which":[38],"it":[39],"relates":[40],"to":[41,100,121,137],"science,":[42],"gender,":[43],"society.":[45],"The":[46,86,117,170],"study":[47,87,171],"combines":[48],"a":[49,53,74,89,182],"bibliometric":[50,183],"approach":[51,184],"with":[52],"social-structural":[54,186],"perspective.":[55],"Our":[56],"questions":[58],"focus":[59],"on":[60],"authors\u2013-metrics":[67],"levels":[69],"stratification":[71,132],"integration-in":[73],"consequential":[75],"45-year":[76],"period":[77],"(1965-2010":[78],"for":[79,84],"articles,":[80],"through":[82],"2021":[83],"citations).":[85],"employs":[88],"systematic,":[90],"multi-stage":[91],"design":[92],"that":[93],"finds":[94],"verifies":[96],"3,174":[97],"articles":[98,113],"belonging":[99],"out":[103],"23,000":[105],"retrieved;":[106],"identifies":[108],"these":[112],"features.":[116],"results":[118],"are":[119],"contrary":[120],"our":[122],"expectation":[123],"this":[125],"being":[127],"\u201cexceptional\u201d":[128],"relatively":[130],"low":[131],"among":[133,154],"authors.":[134],"Findings":[135],"point":[136],"divisions":[138],"groups;":[143],"substantial":[144],"inequality":[145],"skewed":[147],"productivity,":[149],"citations,":[150],"affiliations;":[152],"integration":[153,167],"group":[157],"co-authorship":[159],"clusters;":[161],"complexities":[163],"stratifiation":[165],"over":[168],"time.":[169],"suggests":[172],"fruitful":[173],"continuing":[174],"inquiries":[175],"demonstrates":[177],"potential":[179],"combining":[181],"perspectives":[187],"understanding":[189],"this,":[192],"other":[194],"specialties.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}