{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225323385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","title":"Depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Northern Tanzania: The role of family history, social support, and maladaptive coping","display_name":"Depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in Northern Tanzania: The role of family history, social support, and maladaptive coping","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225323385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986816","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13739157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0352933&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0352933&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011167546","display_name":"Neema Allen Ng\u2019unda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-3869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-3869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136876","display_name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04knhza04","country_code":"TZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136876"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258929","display_name":"KCMC University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6x5f94","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258929"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neema Allen Ng\u2019unda","raw_affiliation_strings":["KCMC University","Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-3869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KCMC University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116132177","display_name":"Florian Emanuel Ghaimo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4324-6468","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4324-6468"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136876","display_name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04knhza04","country_code":"TZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136876"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258929","display_name":"KCMC University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6x5f94","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258929"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Emanuel Ghaimo","raw_affiliation_strings":["KCMC University","Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KCMC University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030929244","display_name":"Frank Kiwango","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9415-0664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9415-0664"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136876","display_name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04knhza04","country_code":"TZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136876"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258929","display_name":"KCMC University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6x5f94","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258929"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Kiwango","raw_affiliation_strings":["KCMC University","Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KCMC University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027254549","display_name":"Samuel Chacha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5274-9564","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5274-9564"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Chacha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sumbawanga Regional Referral Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sumbawanga Regional Referral Hospital","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144398215","display_name":"Blandina Theophil Mmbaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-1916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-1916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258929","display_name":"KCMC University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6x5f94","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266231","display_name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01c135k83","country_code":"TZ","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266231"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blandina Theophil Mmbaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["KCMC University","Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KCMC University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087735916","display_name":"Dorothy Mushi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3659-0957","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3659-0957"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorothy Mushi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076716086","display_name":"Ester Steven Mzilangwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9890-4916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9890-4916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ester Steven Mzilangwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011167546"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374","https://openalex.org/I4210136876","https://openalex.org/I4405258929"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"e0352933","last_page":"e0352933"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depressive-symptoms","display_name":"depressive symptoms","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-living-with-hiv","display_name":"people living with HIV","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-history-of-mental-illness","display_name":"family history of mental illness","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-support","display_name":"social support","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maladaptive-coping","display_name":"maladaptive coping","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-stigma","display_name":"HIV stigma","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-tanzania","display_name":"northern Tanzania","score":0.7549999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150966472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410145","display_name":"Psychosocial","level":2,"score":0.7487999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778087770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297111","display_name":"Social support","level":2,"score":0.6230999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.6152999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019858935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4340209","display_name":"Depressive symptoms","level":3,"score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73282008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759895","display_name":"Coping (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5249000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5135999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.48249998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780051608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42844","display_name":"Major depressive disorder","level":3,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781437451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137326","display_name":"Social stigma","level":3,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778529449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778909","display_name":"Patient Health Questionnaire","level":4,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019808486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759895","display_name":"Maladaptive coping","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781210005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6738337","display_name":"Major depressive episode","level":3,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168285401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427245","display_name":"Stigma (botany)","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Mental illness","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984752397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259956","display_name":"Primary care","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110379092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571836","display_name":"Social environment","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000097813","descriptor_name":"Coping Skills","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000223","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012944","descriptor_name":"Social Support","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013636","descriptor_name":"Tanzania","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057545","descriptor_name":"Social Stigma","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0352933&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13739157","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13739157/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13739157/pdf/pone.0352933.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42986816","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0352933","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0352933&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000874027","display_name":"Building Research Capacity to Address Sociobehavioral Sciences in HIV infection in Tanzania","funder_award_id":"D43TW009595","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","funder_display_name":"Fogarty International Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331393","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","display_name":"Fogarty International Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02xey9a22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225323385.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225323385.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988200940","https://openalex.org/W1992612698","https://openalex.org/W2011677364","https://openalex.org/W2032223268","https://openalex.org/W2032818232","https://openalex.org/W2038287973","https://openalex.org/W2044117482","https://openalex.org/W2046379655","https://openalex.org/W2061905314","https://openalex.org/W2085005241","https://openalex.org/W2102433288","https://openalex.org/W2131884824","https://openalex.org/W2132322340","https://openalex.org/W2254978071","https://openalex.org/W2271233986","https://openalex.org/W2305270039","https://openalex.org/W2344437885","https://openalex.org/W2511815093","https://openalex.org/W2520120659","https://openalex.org/W2553569529","https://openalex.org/W2744583688","https://openalex.org/W2789770676","https://openalex.org/W2791925489","https://openalex.org/W2809043944","https://openalex.org/W2828293757","https://openalex.org/W2892046663","https://openalex.org/W2901070506","https://openalex.org/W2909444233","https://openalex.org/W2911081178","https://openalex.org/W2936765851","https://openalex.org/W2944541454","https://openalex.org/W2954359028","https://openalex.org/W2962426334","https://openalex.org/W2973969052","https://openalex.org/W2987054543","https://openalex.org/W2990502841","https://openalex.org/W3008511549","https://openalex.org/W3010776947","https://openalex.org/W3011576926","https://openalex.org/W3016860360","https://openalex.org/W3038697946","https://openalex.org/W3041777506","https://openalex.org/W3080223675","https://openalex.org/W3111646863","https://openalex.org/W3119713733","https://openalex.org/W3176852735","https://openalex.org/W3194946980","https://openalex.org/W3197562446","https://openalex.org/W3206865871","https://openalex.org/W3207856768","https://openalex.org/W4200384428","https://openalex.org/W4214656079","https://openalex.org/W4214878393","https://openalex.org/W4220939076","https://openalex.org/W4281565290","https://openalex.org/W4282831853","https://openalex.org/W4290632386","https://openalex.org/W4295537353","https://openalex.org/W4297874906","https://openalex.org/W4298087474","https://openalex.org/W4313643737","https://openalex.org/W4318776595","https://openalex.org/W4327968825","https://openalex.org/W4362698497","https://openalex.org/W4366823001","https://openalex.org/W4372330976","https://openalex.org/W4376107802","https://openalex.org/W4385516141","https://openalex.org/W4387253935","https://openalex.org/W4389336534","https://openalex.org/W4391909343","https://openalex.org/W4392052273","https://openalex.org/W4406098407","https://openalex.org/W4407097964","https://openalex.org/W4408082488","https://openalex.org/W4408400570","https://openalex.org/W4409557293","https://openalex.org/W4411547713","https://openalex.org/W4412068629","https://openalex.org/W4414289087","https://openalex.org/W7128816536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2984642074","https://openalex.org/W2744573099","https://openalex.org/W3189528510","https://openalex.org/W7135068794","https://openalex.org/W2033884222","https://openalex.org/W3173211577","https://openalex.org/W4399459802","https://openalex.org/W4321374285","https://openalex.org/W2046379655","https://openalex.org/W4389429271"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Depression":[1],"is":[2,14],"a":[3,63,116,135,199,261],"common":[4,246],"mental":[5,203,266,297],"disorder":[6],"among":[7,52,247,294,320],"people":[8,321],"living":[9,322],"with":[10,260,323],"HIV":[11,27,250,301],"(PLWH)":[12],"and":[13,19,34,48,71,92,134,143,160,181,208,252,257,273,291,303,312],"driven":[15],"by":[16],"both":[17],"neuroimmunological":[18],"psychosocial":[20],"pathways.":[21],"In":[22],"turn,":[23],"depressive":[24,46,158,192,220,289],"symptoms":[25,47,159,193,221,244,290],"worsen":[26],"outcomes":[28],"through":[29],"reduced":[30],"adherence,":[31],"risk":[32],"behaviors,":[33],"impaired":[35],"immune":[36],"function.":[37],"This":[38],"study":[39,65],"aimed":[40],"to":[41,88,154,217,282,317],"determine":[42],"the":[43,119,124,131,176,286],"prevalence":[44,190],"of":[45,167,185,191,202,265,270],"identify":[49,155],"associated":[50,259],"factors":[51],"PLWH":[53,248],"attending":[54],"health":[55,77,178,298],"facilities":[56],"in":[57,68,80,254],"northern":[58,255],"Tanzania.":[59],"METHODOLOGY:":[60],"We":[61],"conducted":[62],"cross-sectional":[64],"(September-October":[66],"2023)":[67],"four":[69],"Care":[70],"Treatment":[72],"Clinics":[73],"(CTCs)":[74],"across":[75],"three":[76],"system":[78],"levels":[79],"Moshi":[81],"Municipality.":[82],"Study":[83],"sites":[84],"were":[85,107,141,187,214],"selected":[86],"purposively":[87],"represent":[89],"tertiary,":[90],"secondary,":[91],"primary":[93],"care.":[94],"Within":[95],"each":[96],"site,":[97],"adult":[98],"(\u226518":[99],"years)":[100],"clients":[101,169],"on":[102,285,308],"ART":[103],"for":[104],"\u22656":[105],"months":[106],"sampled":[108],"using":[109,145],"systematic":[110],"random":[111],"sampling.":[112],"Standardized":[113],"instruments":[114],"included":[115],"sociodemographic":[117],"questionnaire,":[118],"Patient":[120],"Health":[121],"Questionnaire-9":[122],"(PHQ-9),":[123],"Duke-UNC":[125],"Functional":[126],"Social":[127],"Support":[128],"Questionnaire":[129],"(FSSQ),":[130],"Brief":[132],"COPE,":[133],"12-item":[136],"HIV-related":[137],"stigma":[138],"scale.":[139],"Data":[140],"entered":[142],"analyzed":[144],"STATA":[146],"version":[147],"16.":[148],"Logistic":[149],"regression":[150],"analysis":[151],"was":[152,194],"performed":[153],"associations":[156],"between":[157,288],"various":[161],"independent":[162],"variables.":[163],"RESULTS:":[164],"A":[165],"total":[166],"598":[168],"participated,":[170],"just":[171],"above":[172],"half":[173],"(56%)":[174],"from":[175],"secondary":[177],"facility":[179],"level,":[180],"nearly":[182],"three-quarters":[183],"(70.9%)":[184],"participants":[186],"female.":[188],"The":[189],"14%.":[195],"Participants":[196],"reported":[197,262],"having":[198,219],"family":[200,263],"history":[201,264],"illness,":[204,267],"good":[205,275],"social":[206,276,292,313],"support":[207,293,314],"predominantly":[209],"use":[210,269],"maladaptive":[211,271,310],"coping":[212,311],"strategies":[213],"more":[215,279],"likely":[216],"report":[218],"(AOR":[222,228,234],"2.15,":[223],"95%CI:":[224,230,236],"1.12-4.13;":[225],"P":[226,232,238],"0.022),":[227],"8.19,":[229],"1.29-51.92;":[231],"0.026),":[233],"3.98,":[235],"2.62-6.05;":[237],"<":[239],"0.001)":[240],"respectively.":[241],"CONCLUSION:":[242],"Depressive":[243],"are":[245,258,315],"receiving":[249],"care":[251],"treatment":[253],"Tanzania,":[256],"predominant":[268],"coping,":[272],"even":[274],"support.":[277],"Thus,":[278],"studies":[280],"need":[281],"be":[283],"done":[284],"relationship":[287],"PLWH.":[295],"Integrating":[296],"intervention":[299],"into":[300],"services":[302],"providing":[304],"personalized":[305],"interventions":[306],"focused":[307],"addressing":[309],"key":[316],"reducing":[318],"depression":[319],"HIV.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}