{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225323165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","title":"Can Financial Incentives Reduce Declared COVID-19 Vaccine Refusal? Survey Evidence from Poland","display_name":"Can Financial Incentives Reduce Declared COVID-19 Vaccine Refusal? Survey Evidence from Poland","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225323165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15611/fins.2026.2.01"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","pdf_url":"https://journals.uew.pl/fins/article/download/2338/1372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235283","display_name":"Financial Sciences","issn_l":"2080-5993","issn":["2080-5993","2449-9811"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697539","host_organization_name":"Wroclaw University of Economics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wroclaw University of Economics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Financial Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journals.uew.pl/fins/article/download/2338/1372","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060503040","display_name":"Agnieszka Sm\u00f3\u0142ka-Dolecka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9562-0362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9562-0362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I305801656","display_name":"Wroclaw University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/013sm1c65","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I305801656"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Agnieszka Sm\u00f3\u0142ka-Dolecka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wroclaw University of Economics and Business"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9562-0362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wroclaw University of Economics and Business","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I305801656"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060503040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I305801656"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-vaccine-refusal","display_name":"COVID-19 vaccine refusal","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-incentives","display_name":"financial incentives","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-hesitancy","display_name":"vaccine hesitancy","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-safety-perceptions","display_name":"vaccine safety beliefs","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-identification","display_name":"political identification","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccination-status","display_name":"vaccination status","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-policy","display_name":"public health policy","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poland","display_name":"Poland","score":0.9430000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.8082000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.73580002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.43220001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776957806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895105","display_name":"Interim","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777340749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6684955","display_name":"Lottery","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775926993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7907936","display_name":"Vaccination policy","level":3,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","pdf_url":"https://journals.uew.pl/fins/article/download/2338/1372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235283","display_name":"Financial Sciences","issn_l":"2080-5993","issn":["2080-5993","2449-9811"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697539","host_organization_name":"Wroclaw University of Economics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wroclaw University of Economics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Financial Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dbc.wroc.pl:157448","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dbc.wroc.pl/dlibra/publication/197109/edition/157448/content","pdf_url":"https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/157448/Smolka-Dolecka_Can_Financial_Incentives_Reduce_Declared_COVID-19.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210167977","display_name":"Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroc\u0142awiu","issn_l":"1899-3192","issn":["1899-3192","2392-0041"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697539","host_organization_name":"Wroclaw University of Economics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wroclaw University of Economics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroc\u0142awiu","raw_type":"artyku\u0142"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15611/fins.2026.2.01","pdf_url":"https://journals.uew.pl/fins/article/download/2338/1372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235283","display_name":"Financial Sciences","issn_l":"2080-5993","issn":["2080-5993","2449-9811"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697539","host_organization_name":"Wroclaw University of Economics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wroclaw University of Economics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Financial Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225323165.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225323165.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007851141","https://openalex.org/W2077818284","https://openalex.org/W2114823211","https://openalex.org/W2115615950","https://openalex.org/W2143216598","https://openalex.org/W2153405803","https://openalex.org/W2159424130","https://openalex.org/W3011865677","https://openalex.org/W3132354137","https://openalex.org/W3163163465","https://openalex.org/W3164333757","https://openalex.org/W3175958002","https://openalex.org/W3194439555","https://openalex.org/W3203168613","https://openalex.org/W3213913860","https://openalex.org/W4293544709","https://openalex.org/W4294052961","https://openalex.org/W4306404445","https://openalex.org/W4307513614","https://openalex.org/W4308531563","https://openalex.org/W4391262422","https://openalex.org/W4393924852","https://openalex.org/W4402348940","https://openalex.org/W4405065117","https://openalex.org/W4416109858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4372311893","https://openalex.org/W4294052081","https://openalex.org/W4381433435","https://openalex.org/W7126150971","https://openalex.org/W4409709291","https://openalex.org/W4327676478","https://openalex.org/W4411042834","https://openalex.org/W4315753231","https://openalex.org/W7167938616","https://openalex.org/W4282043584"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aim:":[0],"To":[1],"examine":[2],"the":[3,73,75,114,118,124,138],"declared":[4,126],"potential":[5,127],"of":[6,117,128,140],"financial":[7,40,91,130,164],"public-policy":[8],"instruments":[9,41],"among":[10,72,132],"Polish":[11],"vaccine":[12,87,133,173],"refusers":[13],"and":[14,52,55,77,181],"identify":[15],"behavioural":[16,151],"factors":[17],"associated":[18],"with":[19,44,49,58],"vaccination":[20,34,56,63,157,170],"status.":[21],"Methodology:":[22],"A":[23],"cross-sectional":[24],"CAWI":[25],"survey":[26],"(Poland,":[27],"2021,":[28],"N":[29],"=":[30],"800)":[31],"distinguished":[32],"four":[33],"attitude":[35],"levels.":[36],"Declared":[37],"responses":[38],"to":[39,80,97,153,172],"were":[42,83,104],"tested":[43,90],"non-parametric":[45],"methods,":[46],"incentive":[47,92],"susceptibility":[48],"rank":[50],"correlation":[51],"linear":[53],"regression,":[54],"status":[57,171],"exploratory":[59,167],"models.":[60],"Findings:":[61],"The":[62,121,147],"lottery":[64],"was":[65,93],"rated":[66,94,105],"low":[67],"across":[68],"all":[69],"groups.":[70],"Differences":[71],"vaccinated,":[74],"hesitant,":[76],"those":[78],"intending":[79],"get":[81],"vaccinated":[82],"not":[84],"significant.":[85],"For":[86],"refusers,":[88,134],"no":[89],"as":[95],"likely":[96],"change":[98],"their":[99],"reported":[100],"decision;":[101],"loss-framed":[102],"incentives":[103,131],"higher":[106],"than":[107],"gain-framed":[108],"ones,":[109],"yet":[110],"both":[111],"remained":[112],"near":[113],"lower":[115],"end":[116],"scale.":[119],"Implications:":[120],"results":[122],"indicated":[123],"limited":[125],"individual":[129],"raising":[135],"questions":[136],"about":[137],"efficiency":[139],"public":[141],"spending":[142],"for":[143],"this":[144],"group.":[145],"Originality/value:":[146],"article":[148],"adds":[149],"a":[150],"perspective":[152],"research":[154],"on":[155,163],"COVID-19":[156,177],"incentives.":[158],"Refusers":[159],"placed":[160],"little":[161],"importance":[162],"benefits,":[165],"while":[166],"models":[168],"linked":[169],"safety":[174],"beliefs,":[175],"severe":[176],"in":[178],"someone":[179],"close,":[180],"political":[182],"identification.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
