{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225319998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","title":"Urinary cathepsin A as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker in heart failure","display_name":"Urinary cathepsin A as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker in heart failure","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225319998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11428006/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11428006/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088733576","display_name":"Apei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-601X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-601X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169351748","display_name":"Bengbu Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01f8qvj05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169351748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bengbu Medical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bengbu Medical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169351748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160883509","display_name":"Dong Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Second Hospital of Hefei City"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Second Hospital of Hefei City","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040623786","display_name":"Kai Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2900-2961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2900-2961","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-2581"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129412","display_name":"Anhui Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03n5gdd09","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I4210129412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160865970","display_name":"Yidong Hu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100357981","display_name":"Wannan Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/037ejjy86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100357981"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yidong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wannan Medical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wannan Medical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100357981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047182635","display_name":"Mengwei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-2875","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-2875"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100357981","display_name":"Wannan Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/037ejjy86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100357981"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengwei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wannan Medical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wannan Medical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100357981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160790371","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129412","display_name":"Anhui Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03n5gdd09","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I4210129412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160781569","display_name":"Hao Su","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129412","display_name":"Anhui Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03n5gdd09","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I4210129412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10198","display_name":"Heart Failure Treatment and Management","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10198","display_name":"Heart Failure Treatment and Management","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11962","display_name":"Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10519","display_name":"Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-failure","display_name":"heart failure","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-and-translational-science-awards","display_name":"Clinical and Translational Science Awards","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noninvasive-biomarkers","display_name":"non-invasive biomarkers","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-biomarkers","display_name":"diagnostic biomarkers","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urinary-proteomics","display_name":"urine proteomics","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lysosomal-proteases","display_name":"lysosomal proteases","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renin-angiotensin-system","display_name":"renin-angiotensin system","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glomerular-filtration-rate","display_name":"glomerular filtration rate","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-protein-interaction-network","display_name":"protein-protein interaction network","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lysosomal-enzymes","display_name":"lysosomal enzymes","score":0.8600000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6984000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77411442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181100","display_name":"Urinary system","level":2,"score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40924","display_name":"Urine","level":2,"score":0.5803999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017616150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069330","display_name":"Diagnostic biomarker","level":3,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78553746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423561","display_name":"Cathepsin A","level":4,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778198053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181754","display_name":"Heart failure","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145734084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14902080","display_name":"Cathepsin C","level":4,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776714187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212410","display_name":"Protease","level":3,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167844969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426245","display_name":"Cathepsin","level":3,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780034444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5052485","display_name":"Cathepsin L","level":4,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3663475","display_name":"Cathepsin D","level":3,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82157600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic test","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152724338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909442","display_name":"KEGG","level":5,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780327821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11089636","display_name":"Dipstick","level":3,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28021979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14911946","display_name":"Cathepsin B","level":3,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51618164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5052484","display_name":"Cathepsin H","level":4,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780306776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426660","display_name":"Creatinine","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11428006/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11428006/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11428006/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225319998.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225319998.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019687681","https://openalex.org/W2159986416","https://openalex.org/W2324856721","https://openalex.org/W2409710693","https://openalex.org/W2532004191","https://openalex.org/W2768094362","https://openalex.org/W2952474859","https://openalex.org/W2955692977","https://openalex.org/W2955787986","https://openalex.org/W3003893875","https://openalex.org/W3019309997","https://openalex.org/W3045275697","https://openalex.org/W3087082774","https://openalex.org/W3121728483","https://openalex.org/W3159029643","https://openalex.org/W3189245250","https://openalex.org/W3211314108","https://openalex.org/W4205708794","https://openalex.org/W4206029149","https://openalex.org/W4230151929","https://openalex.org/W4240511215"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412639355","https://openalex.org/W2420184095","https://openalex.org/W2396398862","https://openalex.org/W2742592217","https://openalex.org/W2028649514","https://openalex.org/W4394954525","https://openalex.org/W4214510640","https://openalex.org/W3021895661","https://openalex.org/W4390766859","https://openalex.org/W1981890926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Heart":[2],"failure":[3],"(HF)":[4],"still":[5],"lacks":[6],"a":[7,43,152,220,243],"simple,":[8],"repeatable":[9],"test":[10],"that":[11,161],"can":[12,32],"be":[13],"applied":[14],"outside":[15],"specialist":[16],"centres.":[17],"Urine":[18,62],"collects":[19],"protein":[20],"changes":[21],"linked":[22],"to":[23,92],"disease,":[24],"but":[25],"whether":[26],"urinary":[27,40,162],"lysosomal":[28,153,224],"cathepsin":[29],"A":[30],"(CTSA)":[31],"help":[33],"diagnose":[34],"HF":[35,53,167,186,234],"is":[36,231],"unknown.":[37],"We":[38,50],"assessed":[39],"CTSA":[41,108,163,215,230],"as":[42,242],"potential":[44],"diagnostic":[45,245],"marker":[46],"for":[47,82,126,204],"HF.":[48],"Methods":[49],"enrolled":[51],"58":[52],"patients":[54,65],"and":[55,58,66,90,100,103,114,118,138,226,251],"50":[56],"age-":[57],"sex-matched":[59],"healthy":[60],"controls.":[61],"from":[63,187],"10":[64,67],"controls":[68,170,188],"was":[69,110,164],"analyzed":[70],"by":[71,112,116],"4D":[72],"label-free":[73],"quantitative":[74],"(4D-LFQ)":[75],"proteomics;":[76],"the":[77,156,217],"remaining":[78],"samples":[79],"were":[80,88],"used":[81],"ELISA":[83,113,159],"confirmation.":[84],"Differentially":[85],"expressed":[86,134],"proteins":[87,135],"identified":[89,131],"subjected":[91],"Gene":[93],"Ontology":[94],"(GO),":[95],"Kyoto":[96],"Encyclopedia":[97],"of":[98,219,222],"Genes":[99],"Genomes":[101],"(KEGG),":[102],"protein\u2013protein":[104],"interaction":[105],"(PPI)":[106],"analyses.":[107],"abundance":[109],"measured":[111],"evaluated":[115],"regression":[117],"receiver":[119],"operating":[120],"characteristic":[121],"(ROC)":[122],"analysis,":[123],"with":[124,238],"adjustment":[125,203],"renal":[127,239],"function.":[128],"Results":[129],"4D-LFQ":[130],"200":[132],"differentially":[133],"(82":[136],"up-":[137],"118":[139],"downregulated;":[140],"fold":[141],"change":[142],">":[143],"1.5,":[144],"P":[145,179,209],"<":[146,180],"0.05).":[147],"Bioinformatic":[148],"analysis":[149,213],"highlighted":[150],"CTSA,":[151],"protease":[154],"in":[155,166,169,233,254],"renin\u2013angiotensin":[157],"system.":[158],"showed":[160],"higher":[165],"than":[168],"(median":[171],"[IQR]":[172],"3055.43":[173],"[2498.33\u20133434.76]":[174],"vs":[175],"2551.4":[176],"[2084.76\u20132785.9]":[177],"pg/mL;":[178],"0.0001).":[181],"The":[182,198],"CTSA/eGFR":[183],"ratio":[184],"discriminated":[185],"(AUC":[189],"0.89,":[190],"95%":[191],"CI":[192],"0.83\u20130.96;":[193],"sensitivity":[194],"85.0%,":[195],"specificity":[196],"81.25%).":[197],"association":[199],"remained":[200],"positive":[201],"after":[202],"eGFR":[205],"(\u03b2":[206],"=":[207,210],"524.098,":[208],"0.001).":[211],"PPI":[212],"placed":[214],"at":[216],"centre":[218],"cluster":[221],"co-expressed":[223],"hydrolases":[225],"peptidases.":[227],"Conclusions":[228],"Urinary":[229],"increased":[232],"and,":[235],"when":[236],"interpreted":[237],"function,":[240],"performs":[241],"non-invasive":[244],"marker.":[246],"It":[247],"complements":[248],"blood-based":[249],"assays":[250],"merits":[252],"validation":[253],"larger":[255],"cohorts.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
