{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225319497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805","title":"Analysis of SMAP-R Polarimetric Information for Improved Sea Surface Wind Retrieval","display_name":"Analysis of SMAP-R Polarimetric Information for Improved Sea Surface Wind Retrieval","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225319497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160815233","display_name":"Tong Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","Tianjin Port Environmental Monitoring Engineering Center, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Port Environmental Monitoring Engineering Center, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068381476","display_name":"Yang Nan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-4007","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-4007"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","Tianjin Port Environmental Monitoring Engineering Center, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-4007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Port Environmental Monitoring Engineering Center, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070538976","display_name":"Bofeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-8955","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-8955"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bofeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","Tianjin Port Environmental Monitoring Engineering Center, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-8955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Port Environmental Monitoring Engineering Center, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160928755","display_name":"Xiao Yan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","Tianjin Port Environmental Monitoring Engineering Center, Tianjin 300072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Port Environmental Monitoring Engineering Center, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068381476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"3805","last_page":"3805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-r","display_name":"GNSS reflectometry","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-wind-speed-retrieval","display_name":"sea surface wind speed retrieval","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compact-polarimetry","display_name":"compact polarimetry","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree-of-polarization","display_name":"degree of polarization","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/significant-wave-height","display_name":"significant wave height","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysical-model-function","display_name":"geophysical model function","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-gradient-boosting","display_name":"extreme gradient boosting","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ascat-scatterometer","display_name":"ASCAT scatterometer","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.7820000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776212561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905295","display_name":"Scatterometer","level":3,"score":0.7989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.760200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026","display_name":"Buoy","level":2,"score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.6388000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.5978000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85910571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674049","display_name":"Significant wave height","level":3,"score":0.5838000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5703999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107775477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057900","display_name":"Wind direction","level":3,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63944557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27786604","display_name":"C band","level":2,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86338904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757268","display_name":"Planetary boundary layer","level":3,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82313973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795923","display_name":"Maximum sustained wind","level":5,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188141570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192058","display_name":"Stokes parameters","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.75,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1840723247","https://openalex.org/W1996768758","https://openalex.org/W2022050692","https://openalex.org/W2046068748","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2329472099","https://openalex.org/W2555194062","https://openalex.org/W2604162783","https://openalex.org/W2981574092","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3209765455","https://openalex.org/W3217169156","https://openalex.org/W4210772100","https://openalex.org/W4317436736","https://openalex.org/W4376607832","https://openalex.org/W4386161951","https://openalex.org/W4400976583","https://openalex.org/W4410770482","https://openalex.org/W4411363086","https://openalex.org/W4411446634","https://openalex.org/W4412795561","https://openalex.org/W4416756283","https://openalex.org/W7117355579","https://openalex.org/W7119901691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2565303665","https://openalex.org/W2032165325","https://openalex.org/W4412444600","https://openalex.org/W2927611741","https://openalex.org/W2160916355","https://openalex.org/W4386325020","https://openalex.org/W2378957851","https://openalex.org/W2979657602","https://openalex.org/W2546527259","https://openalex.org/W7202316080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spaceborne":[0],"Global":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"reflectometry":[5],"(GNSS-R)":[6],"sea":[7,33,69,309,316],"surface":[8,70,310],"wind":[9,40,59,71,184,279,311],"speed":[10,41,72,185,280,312],"retrieval":[11,281,313],"commonly":[12],"relies":[13],"on":[14,25,107],"the":[15,133,143,157,162,174,232,284,289,296],"normalized":[16,138],"bistatic":[17],"radar":[18],"cross":[19],"section":[20],"(NBRCS),":[21],"whose":[22],"response":[23],"depends":[24],"observation":[26],"geometry,":[27],"link":[28],"conditions,":[29,38,222],"signal":[30],"quality,":[31],"and":[32,57,60,88,102,123,137,153,228,251,266],"state.":[34],"Under":[35,219],"low-wind,":[36,220,297],"high-swell":[37,221,298],"local":[39],"alone":[42],"cannot":[43],"fully":[44,125],"explain":[45],"variations":[46],"in":[47,97,194,288,301],"reflected":[48],"signals.":[49],"We":[50],"use":[51],"SMAP-R":[52],"hybrid":[53],"compact":[54],"polarimetric":[55,66,103,158,179,202,262,273],"observations":[56,78,274],"ERA5":[58],"wave":[61,94],"data":[62],"to":[63],"assess":[64],"whether":[65],"features":[67],"improve":[68,277],"retrieval.":[73],"A":[74],"dataset":[75],"of":[76,135,165,264],"2,067,971":[77],"is":[79],"divided":[80],"by":[81,129,150,225],"complete":[82],"months":[83],"into":[84],"training,":[85],"validation,":[86],"calibration,":[87],"test":[89],"sets.":[90],"With":[91],"total":[92],"significant":[93],"height":[95],"included":[96,287],"every":[98],"baseline,":[99],"paired":[100,205],"non-polarimetric":[101],"configurations":[104],"are":[105],"evaluated":[106],"identical":[108],"samples":[109,258],"using":[110,255],"a":[111,124],"geophysical":[112],"model":[113],"function":[114],"with":[115,156,204,291],"minimum-variance":[116],"fusion":[117],"(GMF/MV),":[118],"extreme":[119],"gradient":[120],"boosting":[121],"(XGBoost),":[122],"connected":[126],"network":[127],"trained":[128],"back-propagation":[130],"(BP-FCN).":[131],"Adding":[132],"degree":[134],"polarization":[136],"third":[139],"Stokes":[140],"component":[141],"reduces":[142],"overall":[144,233],"root":[145],"mean":[146],"square":[147],"error":[148,176],"(RMSE)":[149],"7.83%,":[151],"5.49%,":[152],"5.31%,":[154],"respectively,":[155,230],"BP-FCN":[159],"configuration":[160],"achieving":[161],"lowest":[163],"RMSE":[164,223],"1.666":[166],"m":[167],"s\u22121.":[168],"Wind":[169],"speed-stratified":[170],"analysis":[171],"shows":[172],"that":[173,239,272],"relative":[175,234],"reduction":[177],"from":[178],"information":[180,285,307],"varies":[181],"non-monotonically":[182],"across":[183,215],"intervals.":[186],"Across":[187],"all":[188,197,256],"signal-to-noise":[189],"ratio":[190],"(SNR)":[191],"intervals":[192,209],"represented":[193],"this":[195,302],"study,":[196,303],"three":[198],"methods":[199],"achieve":[200],"positive":[201,261],"gains,":[203],"month-block":[206],"bootstrap":[207],"95%":[208],"lying":[210],"above":[211],"zero,":[212],"indicating":[213],"benefits":[214],"different":[216],"SNR":[217],"conditions.":[218],"decreases":[224],"10.58%,":[226],"11.26%,":[227],"9.82%,":[229],"exceeding":[231],"gains.":[235],"Error":[236],"decomposition":[237],"indicates":[238],"these":[240],"improvements":[241],"mainly":[242],"reflect":[243],"reduced":[244],"systematic":[245],"overestimation.":[246],"Comparisons":[247],"against":[248],"ASCAT":[249],"scatterometer":[250],"NDBC":[252],"buoy":[253],"winds":[254],"collocated":[257],"also":[259],"show":[260],"gains":[263,294],"4.83\u20135.35%":[265],"4.80\u20135.78%,":[267],"respectively.":[268],"These":[269],"results":[270],"demonstrate":[271],"can":[275],"further":[276],"GNSS-R":[278],"accuracy":[282],"beyond":[283],"already":[286],"baselines,":[290],"more":[292],"pronounced":[293],"under":[295,314],"conditions":[299],"sampled":[300],"providing":[304],"useful":[305],"complementary":[306],"for":[308],"complex":[315],"states.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
