{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225318491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","title":"Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat-Transfer Performance of Graphite and SiO2-Graphite Nanofluids for Automotive Radiator Applications","display_name":"Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat-Transfer Performance of Graphite and SiO2-Graphite Nanofluids for Automotive Radiator Applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225318491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/tsa.2026.100023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","pdf_url":"https://media.sciltp.com/articles/2610005331/2610005331.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055932","display_name":"Thermal Science and Applications","issn_l":"3083-2845","issn":["3083-2845"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Thermal Science and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://media.sciltp.com/articles/2610005331/2610005331.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084126203","display_name":"Luke O. Ajuka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-5162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-5162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181631907","display_name":"University of Ibadan","ror":"https://ror.org/03wx2rr30","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke O. Ajuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automotive Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automotive Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133098414","display_name":"Peter Akindele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181631907","display_name":"University of Ibadan","ror":"https://ror.org/03wx2rr30","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter O. Akindele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"372","last_page":"388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10104","display_name":"Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10104","display_name":"Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-heat-transfer","display_name":"convective heat transfer","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-ethylene-glycol-base-fluid","display_name":"ethylene glycol-water base fluid","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conductivity","display_name":"thermal conductivity","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viscosity","display_name":"viscosity","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nusselt-number","display_name":"Nusselt number","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reynolds-number","display_name":"Reynolds number","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoparticle-volume-fraction","display_name":"nanoparticle volume fraction","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inlet-temperature-effects","display_name":"inlet temperature effects","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer-enhancement","display_name":"heat transfer enhancement","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engine-cooling","display_name":"engine cooling","score":0.7260000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21946209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1989679","display_name":"Nanofluid","level":3,"score":0.9355000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130230704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898280","display_name":"Nusselt number","level":4,"score":0.9312999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7376999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779698641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5309","display_name":"Graphite","level":2,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182748727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178932","display_name":"Reynolds number","level":3,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63034144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163026","display_name":"Radiator (engine cooling)","level":2,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91914117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056832","display_name":"Coolant","level":2,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97346530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487005","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41231900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918227","display_name":"Convective heat transfer","level":3,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54791560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285020","display_name":"Natural convection","level":3,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132646400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929429","display_name":"Internal combustion engine cooling","level":4,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186937647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1796959","display_name":"Heat sink","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777777821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25111513","display_name":"Heat transfer enhancement","level":4,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90278072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216320","display_name":"Fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116628846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899138","display_name":"Mass fraction","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","pdf_url":"https://media.sciltp.com/articles/2610005331/2610005331.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055932","display_name":"Thermal Science and Applications","issn_l":"3083-2845","issn":["3083-2845"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Thermal Science and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53941/tsa.2026.100023","pdf_url":"https://media.sciltp.com/articles/2610005331/2610005331.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055932","display_name":"Thermal Science and Applications","issn_l":"3083-2845","issn":["3083-2845"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Thermal Science and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5690000057220459,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225318491.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225318491.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964233017","https://openalex.org/W2539270311","https://openalex.org/W2773713104","https://openalex.org/W2805264571","https://openalex.org/W2979562792","https://openalex.org/W3011564298","https://openalex.org/W3031760901","https://openalex.org/W3036192603","https://openalex.org/W3087035465","https://openalex.org/W3108290897","https://openalex.org/W3116389652","https://openalex.org/W3126457593","https://openalex.org/W3129907148","https://openalex.org/W3178393612","https://openalex.org/W3179048340","https://openalex.org/W4210671965","https://openalex.org/W4281931795","https://openalex.org/W4298149962","https://openalex.org/W4313398157","https://openalex.org/W4321496011","https://openalex.org/W4375935499","https://openalex.org/W4386774817","https://openalex.org/W4399602168","https://openalex.org/W4404242654","https://openalex.org/W4406875429","https://openalex.org/W4409334856","https://openalex.org/W4415918456","https://openalex.org/W4417263255","https://openalex.org/W7082159081","https://openalex.org/W7156156577","https://openalex.org/W7160086742","https://openalex.org/W7166142057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2799674835","https://openalex.org/W2093782298","https://openalex.org/W2333415947","https://openalex.org/W4366089226","https://openalex.org/W1966202834","https://openalex.org/W3210071170","https://openalex.org/W3210232542","https://openalex.org/W2181886071","https://openalex.org/W3096105705","https://openalex.org/W4391175042"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"heat":[1,34],"transfers":[2],"in":[3,21,44,79,118,176,237,255,292],"radiators":[4,291],"are":[5,19],"vital":[6],"for":[7,132,152,206,290],"the":[8,11,37,52,103,119,136,153,169,207,218,227,231,234,246,262,277],"life":[9,30],"of":[10,39,55,106],"engine,":[12],"to":[13,27],"avoid":[14],"being":[15],"overheated.":[16],"Conventional":[17],"fluids":[18],"inefficient":[20],"engine":[22,29],"cooling,":[23,47],"and":[24,61,75,92,109,142,157,210,258,285],"alternate":[25],"solutions":[26],"prolong":[28],"must":[31],"capture":[32],"enhanced":[33,102],"transfer,":[35],"including":[36],"application":[38],"nanofluids.":[40],"Despite":[41],"growing":[42],"interest":[43],"nanofluid-based":[45],"radiator":[46,81],"limited":[48],"studies":[49],"have":[50],"quantified":[51],"comparative":[53],"performance":[54,96],"base":[56,121,155,208],"fluids,":[57,134],"Gr/Water-EG":[58,272],"single":[59],"nanofluid":[60,172,221,229,264,279],"SiO2-Gr/Water-EG":[62],"hybrid":[63,219,278],"nanofluids":[64],"under":[65,230],"varying":[66],"concentrations,":[67],"individually.":[68],"This":[69],"study":[70],"experimentally":[71],"examined":[72],"their":[73],"thermophysical":[74],"convective":[76,162],"heat-transfer":[77,140,163,281],"behaviour":[78],"a":[80,174,266],"channel":[82],"flow":[83,143,286],"using":[84],"thermal":[85,104,124,247],"conductivity,":[86],"viscosity,":[87],"inlet":[88,150,181,204,242],"temperature,":[89,182],"Nusselt":[90,146,177,192,238],"number":[91,94,147,178,193,201,239,268],"Reynolds":[93,200,224,267],"as":[95],"indicators.":[97],"Increasing":[98],"nanoparticle":[99],"volumetric":[100,130],"fraction":[101,117,131],"conductivity":[105],"both":[107],"graphite":[108,158,211,228],"SiO2-Gr":[110,170,263],"nanofluids,":[111],"whereas":[112],"increasing":[113,180,241],"ethylene":[114],"glycol":[115],"(EG)":[116],"Water-EG":[120,154],"fluid":[122,156,209,256],"reduced":[123],"conductivity.":[125],"Viscosity":[126],"also":[127],"increased":[128,148,202],"with":[129,149,179,203,240],"all":[133],"confirming":[135],"concentration-induced":[137],"trade-off":[138],"between":[139],"enhancement":[141,248],"resistance.":[144],"The":[145],"temperature":[151,205,243],"nanofluid,":[159,212],"indicating":[160,213],"improved":[161,280],"response":[164],"at":[165,188,273],"elevated":[166],"temperature.":[167],"Conversely,":[168],"composite":[171],"showed":[173],"reduction":[175,236],"suggesting":[183],"temperature-sensitive":[184],"transport":[185],"behaviour;":[186],"however,":[187],"51":[189,274],"\u00b0C,":[190],"its":[191],"remained":[194],"approximately":[195],"26%":[196],"higher":[197,223,270],"than":[198,226,271],"Gr/Water-EG.":[199],"stronger":[214],"inertial":[215],"flow.":[216],"Although":[217],"SiO2-graphite":[220],"exhibited":[222],"numbers":[225],"tested":[232],"conditions,":[233],"observed":[235],"suggests":[244],"that":[245],"mechanism":[249],"may":[250],"be":[251],"influenced":[252],"by":[253],"alterations":[254],"properties":[257],"particle":[259],"interactions.":[260],"Nevertheless,":[261],"maintained":[265],"66.7%":[269],"\u00b0C.":[275],"Overall,":[276],"performance,":[282],"although":[283],"viscosity":[284],"penalties":[287],"require":[288],"optimization":[289],"automotive":[293],"application.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
