{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225318276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","title":"Summarizing Cross Language Malware Using Unified Code Representation In Web Applications","display_name":"Summarizing Cross Language Malware Using Unified Code Representation In Web Applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225318276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045809558","display_name":"Anis Yusof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-9296","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-9296"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anis Yusof","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-9296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347863","display_name":"Jiahao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0969-6891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0969-6891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0969-6891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052422937","display_name":"Tang Adrian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Strategic Infocomm Technologies (CSIT)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Strategic Infocomm Technologies (CSIT)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084611756","display_name":"Zhenkai Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7138-5030","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7138-5030"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenkai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7138-5030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/javascript","display_name":"JavaScript","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/webassembly","display_name":"WebAssembly","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-detection","display_name":"malware detection","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"static analysis","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-embedding","display_name":"graph embedding","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"web application","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-evasion","display_name":"malware evasion","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244916","display_name":"Intermediate language","level":3,"score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92400490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174666","display_name":"Cross-platform","level":2,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11392498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11288","display_name":"Web server","level":3,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2026.3750720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3145249525","https://openalex.org/W3030477842","https://openalex.org/W7167490437","https://openalex.org/W2397071662","https://openalex.org/W7151806122","https://openalex.org/W7169509224","https://openalex.org/W6960055417","https://openalex.org/W2356205333","https://openalex.org/W4225452742","https://openalex.org/W3032361454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"distributing":[1],"malicious":[2,25],"logic":[3],"across":[4,27,45],"JavaScript":[5,46,59,81,118,145],"and":[6,47,60,82,90,104,112,146],"WebAssembly":[7,61,83,147],"components,":[8],"cross-language":[9,62,120,148],"malware":[10,63,76,149],"in":[11,150],"web":[12,151],"applications":[13],"can":[14],"evade":[15],"detectors":[16,31,103],"that":[17,32,41,79],"rely":[18],"on":[19],"language-specific":[20],"features.":[21],"Such":[22],"strategies":[23],"disconnect":[24],"semantics":[26,95],"code":[28,67,84,88,139],"artifacts,":[29],"causing":[30],"analyze":[33],"only":[34],"one":[35],"language":[36],"view":[37],"to":[38],"miss":[39],"behavior":[40],"is":[42],"expressed":[43],"jointly":[44],"WebAssembly.":[48],"To":[49],"address":[50],"this":[51],"challenge,":[52],"we":[53],"study":[54],"the":[55,65,92,134],"static":[56,142],"detection":[57,77,143],"of":[58,136,144],"when":[64],"relevant":[66],"artifacts":[68],"are":[69],"available":[70],"for":[71,141],"inspection.":[72],"We":[73],"design":[74],"a":[75,86,116,127],"approach":[78,108],"represents":[80],"using":[85,137],"unified":[87,138],"representation":[89,140],"summarizes":[91],"resulting":[93],"graph":[94,97],"with":[96,100],"embeddings.":[98],"Compared":[99],"existing":[101],"semantics-based":[102],"antivirus":[105],"solutions,":[106],"our":[107],"achieves":[109],"strong":[110],"recall":[111],"competitive":[113],"F1-score":[114],"under":[115],"controlled":[117],"andWebAssembly":[119],"transformation":[121],"setting,":[122],"making":[123],"it":[124],"suitable":[125],"as":[126],"recall-oriented":[128],"first-stage":[129],"detector.":[130],"The":[131],"results":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"potential":[135],"applications.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}