{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225318243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","title":"The role of benefit-cost analysis in water supply and sanitation project decisions: A qualitative study of three multilateral development banks","display_name":"The role of benefit-cost analysis in water supply and sanitation project decisions: A qualitative study of three multilateral development banks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225318243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11609374/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11609374/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048369699","display_name":"Omran A. H. Musa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-4364","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-4364"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omran Musa","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091634624","display_name":"Oliver Cumming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-8709","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-8709"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Cumming","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-8709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090820235","display_name":"Elisa Van Waeyenberge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6201-1010","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6201-1010"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31575130","display_name":"SOAS University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04vrxay34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I31575130"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Van Waeyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Schoolf of Oriental and African Studies"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6201-1010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Schoolf of Oriental and African Studies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31575130"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012729289","display_name":"Ian Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-5400","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-5400"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-5400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.15710000693798065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.15710000693798065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11976","display_name":"Capital Investment and Risk Analysis","score":0.15000000596046448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12248","display_name":"Water Governance and Infrastructure","score":0.09969999641180038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-benefit-analysis","display_name":"cost-benefit analysis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-supply-projects","display_name":"water supply projects","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitation-projects","display_name":"sanitation projects","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateral-development-banks","display_name":"multilateral development banks","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-evaluation","display_name":"project evaluation","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development-decision-making","display_name":"development decision-making","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-bank","display_name":"World Bank","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-development-bank","display_name":"Asian Development Bank","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-development-bank","display_name":"African Development Bank","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benefit-measurement","display_name":"benefit measurement","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-effects","display_name":"health effects","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-quality","display_name":"data quality","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-consultation","display_name":"stakeholder consultation","score":0.8960000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.7103000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.5853999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97053079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061108","display_name":"Water supply","level":2,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778568292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7727275","display_name":"The Conceptual Framework","level":3,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780182762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279","display_name":"Guideline","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780815959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18390984","display_name":"Monitoring and evaluation","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5395021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061410","display_name":"Program evaluation","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15952604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179012","display_name":"Project management","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11609374/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11609374/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11609374/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.9090999960899353},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.75}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225318243.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225318243.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970539737","https://openalex.org/W2023389663","https://openalex.org/W2029786198","https://openalex.org/W2044552931","https://openalex.org/W2066300663","https://openalex.org/W2089165605","https://openalex.org/W2138664283","https://openalex.org/W2169443691","https://openalex.org/W2291168092","https://openalex.org/W2754799758","https://openalex.org/W2801534775","https://openalex.org/W2811193981","https://openalex.org/W2940441220","https://openalex.org/W3003899357","https://openalex.org/W3033915111","https://openalex.org/W3124302757","https://openalex.org/W3176645225","https://openalex.org/W4210842666","https://openalex.org/W4235111921","https://openalex.org/W4295539217","https://openalex.org/W4366463941","https://openalex.org/W4367172984","https://openalex.org/W4379467249","https://openalex.org/W4414010627","https://openalex.org/W4414073188","https://openalex.org/W7082260176","https://openalex.org/W7129029678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118983909","https://openalex.org/W7026695675","https://openalex.org/W1830964691","https://openalex.org/W573117921","https://openalex.org/W7042151605","https://openalex.org/W2586529374","https://openalex.org/W2074066118","https://openalex.org/W4229817221","https://openalex.org/W4366581749","https://openalex.org/W2049412558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Benefit-cost":[1],"analysis":[2,30,120,134,217],"commonly":[3],"guides":[4,72],"resource":[5],"allocation":[6],"in":[7,22,33,107,122,127,160,195],"multilateral":[8],"development":[9,121],"banks":[10],"(MDBs),":[11],"but":[12],"there":[13],"has":[14],"been":[15],"limited":[16,200],"qualitative":[17,60],"evidence":[18],"exploring":[19],"its":[20,125],"role":[21,194],"decision-making":[23],"processes.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26],"examines":[27],"how":[28,90],"benefit-cost":[29,85,119,133,245],"is":[31,135],"deployed":[32],"water":[34],"supply":[35],"and":[36,51,64,80,89,104,124,141,162,165,168,206,240,252],"sanitation":[37],"projects":[38,251],"financed":[39],"by":[40],"three":[41],"major":[42],"MDBs:":[43],"the":[44,47,52,172,196,216],"World":[45],"Bank,":[46,50],"Asian":[48],"Development":[49,54],"African":[53],"Bank.":[55],"We":[56,94,130],"employed":[57],"an":[58,98],"applied":[59],"approach,":[61,100],"utilising":[62],"interviews":[63],"focus":[65],"group":[66],"discussions":[67],"with":[68,222],"MDB":[69,235],"staff.":[70],"Topic":[71],"focused":[73],"on":[74,81,237],"experiences":[75],"from":[76,215],"13":[77],"recent":[78],"projects,":[79],"processes":[82],"through":[83],"which":[84],"analyses":[86],"were":[87],"developed":[88],"results":[91],"informed":[92],"decision-making.":[93,129],"analysed":[95],"data":[96,156,205,232],"using":[97],"interpretivist":[99],"applying":[101],"both":[102],"inductive":[103],"deductive":[105],"coding":[106],"framework":[108,117],"analysis.":[109],"In":[110],"doing":[111],"so,":[112],"we":[113,151],"develop":[114],"a":[115,144,242],"conceptual":[116],"for":[118,171],"MDBs,":[123],"use":[126],"their":[128,193],"find":[131],"that":[132],"generally":[136],"performed":[137],"before":[138],"project":[139,148,177],"approval":[140],"regarded":[142],"as":[143],"critical":[145],"element":[146],"of":[147,174,203,244],"appraisal.":[149],"However,":[150],"identified":[152],"several":[153],"barriers,":[154],"including":[155],"quality":[157],"limitations,":[158],"difficulty":[159],"identifying":[161,225],"measuring":[163],"health":[164],"non-health":[166],"impacts,":[167],"inadequate":[169],"planning":[170],"monitoring":[173],"benefits":[175,229],"during":[176,190],"implementation.":[178],"Furthermore,":[179],"while":[180],"stakeholders":[181],"beyond":[182],"MDBs":[183],"(e.g.":[184],"partner":[185],"governments)":[186],"are":[187],"often":[188],"consulted":[189],"model":[191],"development,":[192],"process":[197],"was":[198],"typically":[199],"to":[201,224,230,247],"provision":[202],"input":[204],"contextual":[207],"information":[208],"rather":[209],"than":[210],"in-depth":[211],"contributions.":[212],"Recommendations":[213],"emerging":[214],"include:":[218],"updating":[219],"guidelines":[220],"(particularly":[221],"respect":[223],"benefit":[226],"types);":[227],"linking":[228],"external":[231],"sources;":[233],"training":[234],"staff":[236],"guideline":[238],"implementation;":[239],"establishing":[241],"database":[243],"models":[246],"support":[248],"cross-learning":[249],"across":[250],"contexts.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
