{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225317760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984","title":"Ball Lightning as a Constrained Topological Structure: The \"Hollow Charged Bubble\" Hypothesis","display_name":"Ball Lightning as a Constrained Topological Structure: The \"Hollow Charged Bubble\" Hypothesis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225317760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23982984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160370840","display_name":"Zhaohong Duan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Duan, Zhaohong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160370840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11683","display_name":"Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12516","display_name":"Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ball-lightning","display_name":"ball lightning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topological-phase-transition","display_name":"topological phase transition","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shielding-layer","display_name":"shielding layer","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topological-dynamics","display_name":"topological dynamics","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85555665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192962","display_name":"Ball lightning","level":3,"score":0.6991999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6420999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122041747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838611","display_name":"Ball (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149298590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219708","display_name":"Magnetic monopole","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77223115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634781","display_name":"Topological quantum number","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149288129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185357","display_name":"Phase transition","level":2,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47600822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825032","display_name":"Topological dynamics","level":5,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104862878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1770567","display_name":"Topological defect","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72422203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7392545","display_name":"SPHERES","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196298200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577705","display_name":"Critical point (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35048267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587553","display_name":"Charged particle","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114410712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973321","display_name":"Hypersurface","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23982984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23982985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24061893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24061893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24061893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24063027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24063027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24063027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23982984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23982984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7171086291","https://openalex.org/W7171288750","https://openalex.org/W7134999511","https://openalex.org/W7107962269","https://openalex.org/W7103136914","https://openalex.org/W7224154482","https://openalex.org/W7168688848","https://openalex.org/W7155564797","https://openalex.org/W1661400575","https://openalex.org/W7214426682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,18,24,37,43,52],"matter-neutral":[4],"formation":[5,35],"theory":[6],"for":[7],"ball":[8,15],"lightning.":[9],"The":[10,64],"core":[11],"hypothesis":[12],"is":[13,17,36],"that":[14,46],"lightning":[16],"three-layer":[19],"charged":[20],"structure":[21],"consisting":[22],"of":[23],"\"central":[25],"vacuum":[26],"--":[27,30],"ionic":[28],"shell":[29],"outer":[31],"shielding":[32],"layer.\"":[33],"Its":[34],"topological":[38],"phase":[39,56],"transition":[40],"triggered":[41],"by":[42],"giant":[44],"fluctuation":[45],"pushes":[47],"the":[48,69,75],"local":[49],"system":[50],"to":[51],"zero-measure":[53],"point":[54],"in":[55,74],"space,":[57],"where":[58],"five":[59],"critical":[60],"equations":[61],"hold":[62],"simultaneously.":[63],"model":[65],"aligns":[66],"completely":[67],"with":[68],"Generalized":[70],"Triadic":[71],"Mutual":[72],"Constraints":[73],"Intrinsic":[76],"Topological":[77],"Dynamics":[78],"framework.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}