{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225317649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","title":"A Lightweight K-Means Clustering Method for Vulnerability Classification with SHA-256 Integrity Verification","display_name":"A Lightweight K-Means Clustering Method for Vulnerability Classification with SHA-256 Integrity Verification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225317649","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","pdf_url":"https://journals.zeuspress.org/index.php/CAI/article/download/1753/1663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404662459","display_name":"Computers and artificial intelligence.","issn_l":"3006-371X","issn":["3006-371X","3006-3728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.zeuspress.org/index.php/CAI/article/download/1753/1663","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160973527","display_name":"Fanhao Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fanhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["QU-Drake United College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QU-Drake United College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160973527"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"6","first_page":"93","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.5839999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.5839999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.09009999781847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.08879999816417694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-means-clustering","display_name":"K-means clustering","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sha-256-integrity-verification","display_name":"SHA-256 integrity verification","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-triage","display_name":"vulnerability triage","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-vulnerability-database","display_name":"National Vulnerability Database","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elbow-method","display_name":"elbow method","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clustering-evaluation","display_name":"cluster validation","score":0.3199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.777899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6693999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6626999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.6105999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7943568","display_name":"Vulnerability index","level":3,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","pdf_url":"https://journals.zeuspress.org/index.php/CAI/article/download/1753/1663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404662459","display_name":"Computers and artificial intelligence.","issn_l":"3006-371X","issn":["3006-371X","3006-3728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70267/cai.v3n6.9399","pdf_url":"https://journals.zeuspress.org/index.php/CAI/article/download/1753/1663","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404662459","display_name":"Computers and artificial intelligence.","issn_l":"3006-371X","issn":["3006-371X","3006-3728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225317649.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225317649.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2781491433"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W315844087","https://openalex.org/W2357825739","https://openalex.org/W2333157961","https://openalex.org/W2320943799","https://openalex.org/W1987642770","https://openalex.org/W4318602955","https://openalex.org/W7225055946","https://openalex.org/W170283441","https://openalex.org/W3198501808","https://openalex.org/W1991741227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"vulnerability":[1,61,83,187],"databases":[2],"add":[3],"tens":[4],"of":[5,7,17,107,170],"thousands":[6],"records":[8],"each":[9,26,82,121],"year,":[10],"and":[11,15,30,96,120,155,183],"their":[12],"sources,":[13],"formats,":[14],"forms":[16],"expression":[18],"are":[19,79,98],"highly":[20],"mixed.":[21],"Manual":[22],"classification":[23,62],"by":[24,38,112,118,125],"reading":[25],"record":[27],"is":[28,110,127,153,159,184],"slow":[29],"varies":[31],"from":[32,81],"person":[33],"to":[34],"person:":[35],"descriptions":[36],"written":[37],"different":[39],"researchers":[40],"for":[41,186],"the":[42,113,150,156,162],"same":[43],"underlying":[44],"flaw":[45],"may":[46],"differ":[47],"greatly,":[48],"making":[49],"prioritization":[50],"based":[51],"on":[52,179],"them":[53],"almost":[54],"unreliable.":[55],"This":[56],"study":[57],"proposes":[58],"a":[59,176],"lightweight":[60],"method":[63,115,173],"that":[64,132],"combines":[65],"K-Means":[66],"clustering":[67,126],"with":[68],"Secure":[69],"Hash":[70],"Algorithm":[71],"256":[72],"(SHA-256)":[73],"integrity":[74],"verification.":[75],"Five":[76],"numerical":[77],"features":[78],"extracted":[80],"record\u2014the":[84],"Common":[85],"Vulnerability":[86,142],"Scoring":[87],"System":[88],"(CVSS)":[89],"score,":[90],"access":[91],"complexity,":[92],"privileges":[93],"required,":[94],"scope,":[95],"exploitability\u2014and":[97],"standardized":[99],"before":[100],"being":[101],"input":[102],"into":[103],"K-Means.":[104],"The":[105,172],"number":[106],"clusters":[108],"K":[109,147],"determined":[111],"elbow":[114],"rather":[116],"than":[117],"experience,":[119],"centroid":[122],"vector":[123],"obtained":[124],"then":[128],"hashed":[129],"separately":[130],"so":[131],"any":[133],"subsequent":[134],"modification":[135],"can":[136],"be":[137],"detected.":[138],"On":[139],"600":[140],"National":[141],"Database":[143],"(NVD)-style":[144],"records,":[145],"when":[146],"=":[148],"4,":[149],"silhouette":[151],"coefficient":[152],"0.4043":[154],"Calinski-Harabasz":[157],"index":[158],"1187.05,":[160],"while":[161],"complete":[163],"SHA-256":[164],"verification":[165],"adds":[166],"only":[167,175],"0.1167":[168],"ms":[169],"overhead.":[171],"requires":[174],"few":[177],"milliseconds":[178],"an":[180],"ordinary":[181],"laptop":[182],"suitable":[185],"triage":[188],"in":[189],"teaching":[190],"laboratories":[191],"or":[192],"resource-constrained":[193],"security":[194],"dashboards.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}