{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225317304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","title":"Spatial iris chromaticity disparities as phenotypic correlates of harm avoidance temperament in a Korean sample","display_name":"Spatial iris chromaticity disparities as phenotypic correlates of harm avoidance temperament in a Korean sample","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225317304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069812515","display_name":"Ka-Hye Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7758-7888","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7758-7888"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259603","display_name":"Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02f33kj63","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4210112503","https://openalex.org/I4405258385","https://openalex.org/I4405259603"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ka-Hye Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4405259603"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063233197","display_name":"Young-Woo Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3039-7307","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3039-7307"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259603","display_name":"Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02f33kj63","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4210112503","https://openalex.org/I4405258385","https://openalex.org/I4405259603"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Woo Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4405259603"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101858992","display_name":"Park Young-Jae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-7615","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-7615"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152252","display_name":"Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong","ror":"https://ror.org/05x9xyq11","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4210152252","https://openalex.org/I4405258385"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259603","display_name":"Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02f33kj63","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4210112503","https://openalex.org/I4405258385","https://openalex.org/I4405259603"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Young-Jae Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University","Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University","Department of Diagnosis and Biofunctional Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4405259603"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4405259603"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnosis and Biofunctional Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101858992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4210152252","https://openalex.org/I4405259603"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.5048999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.5048999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.1370999962091446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.08609999716281891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm-avoidance","display_name":"harm avoidance","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperament","display_name":"temperament","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-adults","display_name":"Korean adults","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-traits","display_name":"personality traits","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iris-stroma","display_name":"iris stroma","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-crest-derived-cells","display_name":"neural crest-derived cells","score":0.5109999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61644593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80157","display_name":"Temperament","level":3,"score":0.8608999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659011","display_name":"Harm avoidance","level":4,"score":0.8432000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7268000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778699373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187611","display_name":"Temperament and Character Inventory","level":4,"score":0.5848000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201780734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5069880","display_name":"Chromaticity","level":2,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179184181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7319030","display_name":"Reward dependence","level":5,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160798450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870","display_name":"Concordance","level":2,"score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779503344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5973514","display_name":"IRIS (biosensor)","level":3,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776529864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4368945","display_name":"Novelty seeking","level":4,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138528620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2510752","display_name":"Explained variation","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451805","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115816405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73822","display_name":"Sensation seeking","level":3,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778711042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410891","display_name":"Pupillometry","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d69d6a3c66744efbe94516178c92a85","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d69d6a3c66744efbe94516178c92a85","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1999963/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225317304.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225317304.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589521747","https://openalex.org/W1964546836","https://openalex.org/W1974821667","https://openalex.org/W2006227524","https://openalex.org/W2012440149","https://openalex.org/W2017753058","https://openalex.org/W2023530692","https://openalex.org/W2027908054","https://openalex.org/W2071119180","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2087937631","https://openalex.org/W2092988036","https://openalex.org/W2123184878","https://openalex.org/W2124285583","https://openalex.org/W2152584268","https://openalex.org/W2160367930","https://openalex.org/W2170087689","https://openalex.org/W2523698036","https://openalex.org/W2968762625","https://openalex.org/W4376630058","https://openalex.org/W4402677373","https://openalex.org/W7116875460","https://openalex.org/W7125599474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523698036","https://openalex.org/W2006227524","https://openalex.org/W2025846902","https://openalex.org/W1972029140","https://openalex.org/W2769114436","https://openalex.org/W2092822077","https://openalex.org/W2737491260","https://openalex.org/W7208631283","https://openalex.org/W588321416","https://openalex.org/W2550268422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"The":[1],"human":[2],"iris":[3,19,45,58,161,274,306],"has":[4],"a":[5,90,153,188,265],"complex":[6],"developmental":[7],"origin,":[8],"with":[9,48,168,200,246,288],"neural":[10],"crest-derived":[11],"cells":[12],"contributing":[13],"to":[14,32,310],"the":[15,18,44,66,110,119,148,169,174,180,193,205,249,270,278],"formation":[16],"of":[17,192,204,304],"stroma":[20],"and":[21,76,96,104,122,131,218,312],"its":[22],"melanocyte":[23],"population.":[24],"Although":[25],"ocular":[26],"visual":[27],"features":[28],"have":[29],"been":[30],"linked":[31],"personality":[33],"traits":[34],"in":[35,43,51,65,207,294,308,315],"Western":[36],"cohorts,":[37],"whether":[38],"quantitative":[39],"spatial":[40,97,194,273,305],"chromaticity":[41,94,162,275,293],"disparities":[42,276],"are":[46],"associated":[47,167,199,245],"temperament":[49,171,311],"dimensions":[50],"Korean":[52,62,120,296],"individuals":[53],"remains":[54],"understudied.":[55],"Methods":[56],"Digital":[57],"images":[59],"from":[60],"100":[61],"adults":[63],"included":[64],"final":[67],"analytic":[68],"sample":[69],"were":[70,116,135,164],"normalized":[71],"using":[72,118],"Daugman\u2019s":[73],"rubber-sheet":[74],"model":[75,186],"partitioned":[77],"into":[78],"an":[79,201,285],"eight-subregion":[80],"polar":[81],"coordinate":[82],"grid.":[83],"Commission":[84],"Internationale":[85],"de":[86],"l\u2019\u00c9clairage":[87],"L":[88],"*":[89,91,93,185,234,255],"b":[92,184,233,254,281],"metrics":[95],"disparity":[98,195,231],"indices\u2014directional":[99],"(superior\u2013inferior,":[100],"\u0394SI;":[101],"nasal\u2013temporal,":[102],"\u0394NT)":[103],"radial":[105,251],"(inner\u2013outer,":[106],"\u0394IO)\u2014were":[107],"extracted":[108],"along":[109,277],"corresponding":[111],"color":[112],"axes.":[113],"Personality":[114],"temperaments":[115],"assessed":[117],"Temperament":[121],"Character":[123],"Inventory-Revised":[124],"Short":[125],"version":[126],"(K-TCI-RS).":[127],"Hierarchical":[128],"regression":[129],"analysis":[130,155],"5,000-iteration":[132],"nonparametric":[133],"bootstrapping":[134],"performed.":[136],"A":[137],"Benjamini\u2013Hochberg":[138],"false":[139],"discovery":[140],"rate":[141],"(FDR)":[142],"correction":[143,224],"was":[144,198,243],"additionally":[145],"applied":[146],"across":[147],"12":[149,175],"temperament\u2013chromaticity":[150,176],"models":[151,177,271],"as":[152],"sensitivity":[154],"for":[156],"multiplicity.":[157],"Results":[158],"Global":[159],"mean":[160,292],"parameters":[163],"not":[165],"significantly":[166],"examined":[170],"dimensions.":[172],"Among":[173,269],"examined,":[178,272],"only":[179],"Harm":[181],"Avoidance":[182],"(HA)\u2013":[183],"showed":[187,264,284],"significant":[189,221],"incremental":[190,286],"contribution":[191],"block,":[196],"which":[197],"additional":[202],"14.7%":[203],"variance":[206],"HA":[208,289],"scores":[209],"(\u0394":[210,232,253],"R":[211],"2":[212],"=":[213,216,227,238,241,259,262],"0.147,":[214],"p":[215,226,240,261],"0.001)":[217],"remained":[219],"statistically":[220],"after":[222],"FDR":[223],"(FDR-adjusted":[225],"0.012).":[228],"Specifically,":[229],"nasal\u2013temporal":[230],"NT":[235],";":[236,257],"\u03b2":[237,258],"\u22120.210,":[239],"0.039)":[242],"negatively":[244],"HA,":[247],"whereas":[248],"inner\u2013outer":[250],"gradient":[252],"IO":[256],"0.291,":[260],"0.006)":[263],"positive":[266],"association.":[267],"Discussion":[268],"yellow\u2013blue":[279],"(":[280],"*)":[282],"axis":[283],"association":[287],"beyond":[290],"global":[291],"this":[295],"sample.":[297],"These":[298],"exploratory":[299],"findings":[300],"support":[301],"further":[302],"investigation":[303],"colorimetry":[307],"relation":[309],"require":[313],"replication":[314],"independent":[316],"populations.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}